User:Danielbr92/sandbox

This is the user sandbox of Danielbr92. A user sandbox is a subpage of the user's user page. It serves as a testing spot and page development space for the user and is not an encyclopedia article. Create or edit your own sandbox here.

Other sandboxes: Main sandbox | Template sandbox

Finished writing a draft article? Are you ready to request review of it by an experienced editor for possible inclusion in Wikipedia? Submit your draft for review!

Cystoisospora belli

History

Isospora belli was discovered by Rudolf Virchow in 1860 and was named by Charles Morley Wenyon in 1923. The parasite is now known as Cystoisospora belli. ^[1]

About Cystoisospora belli

Cystoisospora belli, previously known as Isospora belli, is a coccidian parasite that causes an intestinal disease known as cystoisosporiasis. This parasite is transmitted by ingesting food or water that has been contaminated with feces from someone who is infected. The infective stage found in stool is the mature oocyst. The distribution of this parasite is worldwide but it is most commonly found in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. ^[2]

Morphology

The oocysts of Cystoisospora belli are long and oval shaped. The oocysts are usually between 20 and 33 micrometers in length and between 10 and 19 micrometers wide. ^[1]

Life Cycle

An oocyst with one sporoblast is released in stool of infected person
After the oocyst has been released, the sporoblast matures further and divides into two
After the sporoblasts divide they create a cyst wall and become sporocysts
The sporocysts each divide twice, resulting in four sporozoites
Transmission occurs when these mature oocysts are ingested
The sporocysts excyst in the small intestine where sporozoites are released
The sporozoites then invade epithelial cells and schizogony is initiated
When the schizonts rupture, mereozoites are released and continue to invade more epithelial cells
Trophozoites develop into schizonts, containing many mereozoites
After about one week, development of male and female gametocytes begin in the mereozoites
Fertilization results in the development of oocysts, which are released in the stool ^[2]

Symptoms

Symptoms of cystoisosporiasis include abdominal pain, cramps, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and fever. The most common symptom of this infection is watery diarrhea. These symptoms can last from weeks to months. Immunocompromised people are more severely affected by Cystoisospora belli and can experience extreme diarrhea that can lead to weakness, anorexia, and weight loss. ^[1] ^[2]

Diagnosis and Treatment

Cystoisospora belli is diagnosed by identification of the oocyst through examining a stool sample under a microscope. The diagnostic stage is the immature oocyst that contains a spherical mass of protoplasm ^[1]. This infection is easily treated with antibiotics. The most common antibiotic that is prescribed is trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole, more commonly known as Bactrim, Septra, or Cotrim. ^[2]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d [Garcia, L. (2006). Isospora belli. Waterborne Pathogens (217-219). Denver: American Water Works Association.]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d [Centers For Disease Control: http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/cystoisospora/index.html]

[book-1] [Garcia, L. (2006). Isospora belli. Waterborne Pathogens (217-219). Denver: American Water Works Association.]

[cdc-2] [Centers For Disease Control: http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/cystoisospora/index.html]

[1]

[2]