This is not a Wikipedia article: It is an individual user's work-in-progress page, and may be incomplete and/or unreliable. For guidance on developing this draft, see Wikipedia:So you made a userspace draft.

Find sources: Google (books · news · scholar · free images · WP refs) · FENS · JSTOR · TWL
Easy tools: Citation bot (help) | Advanced: Fix bare URLs
This page was last edited by Cydebot (talk | contribs) 5 years ago. (Update timer)

Finished writing a draft article? Are you ready to request an experienced editor review it for possible inclusion in Wikipedia? Submit your draft for review!

The Atlantic Championships, also known as the Atlantic Rim Championships or Games, is a biennial lawn bowls competition open to countries bordering on the Atlantic Ocean.^[1] There are singles, pairs, triples, fours and team events held for men and women, in which gold, silver and bronze medals are awarded.^[1] The championships also serve as a qualifier for the quadriennial World Championships for the Atlantic countries eligible to enter the World Championships.^[1]

History

Atlantic Championships
Atlantic Championships
Tournament information
Established	1993
Organisation(s)	World Bowls Ltd

The first championships were held in 1993, as a women's only competition, with the competition solely open to countries bordering on the Atlantic Ocean.^[1] For the 1995 championships an invitation was sent out to Israel, who don't belong to the region georgraphically, to round off a 12 team competition.^[1]

At the 2007 championships, a men's competition was added for the first time, and the championships have since served as a qualifier for the quadrennial World Championships for both men and women, only for the Atlantic countries eligible to enter the World Championships.^[1] Prior to that, the championships had still served as qualifier for the women's competition at the World Championships.^[2]

By the 2007 edition, the championships had expanded to accommodate 14 nations (including Israel), in both the men's and women's competitions.^[1] Gold, silver and bronze medals are awarded in singles, pairs, triples, fours and team events for men and women.^[1]

Event Info

Edition	Year	Dates	Venue	Location	Ref
1st	1993
2nd	1995
5th	2005			Bangor, Ireland	^[3]
6th	2007			Ayr, Scotland	^[1]
7th	2009	3 May - 16 May	Wanderers Club	Johannesburg, South Africa	^[4]
8th	2011	17 October - 30 October	Athena Beach Hotel	Paphos, Cyprus	^[5]
-	2013	Cancelled			^[6]
9th	2015	30 November - 13 December	Athena Beach Hotel	Paphos, Cyprus	^[7]

Championships

The medal tables are sorted by the amount of gold medals, then by the amount of silver medals and lastly by the amount of bronze medals.
The players listed in the squads are players that competed at the championships and doesn't include unused reserves.

1993

Medalists

	Event	Gold	Silver	Bronze
Women	Singles
	Pairs
	Triples
	Fours
	Team

1995

Medalists

	Event	Gold	Silver	Bronze
Women	Singles
	Pairs
	Triples
	Fours
	Team

2005

Medalists

	Event	Gold	Silver	Bronze
Women ^[2]^[8]	Singles	Scotland Kay Moran	Wales Betty Morgan	Jersey Gena O'Neil
	Pairs	South Africa Sharon Glenn Esme Steyn	Scotland Margaret Letham Joyce Lindores	England Shelly Barlow Edna Bessell
	Triples	England Sue Harriott Ellen Falkner Doreen Hankin	Israel Tamar Kamzel Naomi Fix Irit Grenchel	Jersey Gena O'Neil Chris Grimes Gina Le Long
	Fours	England Sue Harriott Edna Bessell Ellen Falkner Doreen Hankin	Scotland Margaret Letham Betty Forsyth Seona Black Joyce Lindores	Ireland Chris O'Gorman Lisa McDonagh Mandy Cunningham Donna McNally
	Team	Scotland Margaret Letham Betty Forsyth Joyce Lindores Kay Moran Seona Black	England Sue Harriot Ellen Falkner Doreen Hankin Edna Bessel Shelley Barlow	Wales Betty Morgan C Taylor S King A Butten K Pearce

Medal Table

	Country	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total
1	Scotland	2	2	0	4
2	England	2	1	0	3
3	South Africa	1	0	0	1
4	Wales	0	1	1	2
5	Israel	0	1	0	1
6	Jersey	0	0	2	2
7	Ireland	0	0	1	1

2007

Medalists

	Event	Gold	Silver	Bronze
Men	Singles	Jersey^[9]^[10]^[11] Derek Boswell Cyril Renouf	Guernsey^[12] Matt Le Ber	Jersey^[9]^[10] Jamie MacDonald
	Pairs	Wales^[13] Martin Selway Robert Horgan
	Triples			Guernsey^[12] Ian Merrien Len Le Ber Paul Wakeham
	Fours		Jersey^[9]^[10] Alan Shaw Cyril Renouf Derek Boswell Thomas Greechan
	Team
Women	Singles		Israel^[4] Ruthie Gilor
	Pairs		Canada^[14] Clarice Fitzpatrick Shirley Fitzpatrick-Wong	Israel^[4] Ruthie Gilor Irit Grencel
	Triples			Canada^[14] Harriette Pituley Kelly McKerihen Shirley Ko
	Fours			Canada^[14] Harriette Pituley Kelly McKerihen Shirley Fitzpatrick-Wong Clarice Fitzpatrick
	Team	Jersey^[9]^[10] Chrissie Grimes Joan Renouf Liz Cole Lindsey Greechan		Israel^[4] Irit Grencel Ruthie Gilor

Medal Table

	Country	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total
	Jersey	1	2	1	4

Squads

Squads
Canada^[14]		[[\|]]		[[\|]]		[[\|]]		Guernsey
Men Did not enter a team	Women Clarice Fitzpatrick Harriette Pituleyr Kelly McKerihen Shirley Fitzpatrick-Wong Shirley Ko	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men Ian Merrien Len Le Ber Matt Le Ber Paul Wakeham	Women
[[\|]]		Israel^[4]		Jersey^[15]^[16]		[[\|]]		Wales
Men	Women	Men	Women Irit Grencel Ruthie Gilor	Men Alan Shaw Cyril Renouf Derek Boswell Jamie MacDonald Thomas Greechan	Women Chrissie Grimes Gaynor Thomas Joan Renouf Lindsey Greechan Liz Cole	Men	Women	Men Jason Greenslade	Women
		[[\|]]		[[\|]]		[[\|]]
		Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women

2009

Medalists

	Event	Gold	Bronze
Men	Singles		Wales^[17] Jason Greenslade
	Pairs	Wales^[18]^[19] Robert Weale Jason Greenslade
	Triples		Wales^[19]^[13] Marc Wyatt
	Fours		Jersey^[20]^[21] Cyril Renouf Derek Boswell John Lowery Terry Allen	Wales^[19]^[13] Robert Weale Marc Wyatt
	Team
Women	Singles	Wales^[13] Hannah Smith
	Pairs
	Triples
	Fours
	Team	Wales^[13] Hannah Smith

Medal Table

	Country	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total

Squads

Squads
Brazil		Canada		Cyprus^[22]		England		Guernsey
Men	Women	Men	Women	Men Alastair Colliar Ben Hebdige Geoff Gardiner John Woodcock Loukas Paraskeva	Women Dorothy Gibbons Irene Owen Linda Rya Mieke Meijer Sol Robertson Diane Roberts	Men	Women	Men	Women
Ireland		Israel^[4]		Jersey^[23]^[24]		Namibia		Netherlands
Men	Women	Men Alan Saitowitz Boaz Marcus Colin Silberstein Haviv Takin Yair Bekier	Women Edna Zomberg Irit Grencel Ruthie Gilor Tami Kamzel Tzila Gavish.	Men Alan Shaw Cyril Renouf Derek Boswell John Lowery Terry Allen	Women Did not send a team	Men	Women	Men	Women
Portugal		Scotland		South Africa		Spain		Wales
Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men Jason Greenslade Marc Wyatt Robert Weale	Women Hannah Smith
				United States
				Men	Women

2011

Medalists

	Event	Gold	Silver	Bronze
Men ^[25]^[26]	Singles	England^[27] Jamie Chestney	Wales^[27] Jonathan Tomlinson	South Africa Bobby Donnelly	Jersey^[28] Malcolm de Sousa
	Pairs	South Africa Bobby Donnelly Gerry Baker	Ireland Gary Kelly Ian McClure	Scotland David Peacock Grant Logan	Jersey^[28] Malcolm de Sousa Michael Rive
	Triples	England John Hick Graham Shadwell Jamie Chestney	Scotland Martyn Rice Alister Kennedy Graeme Archer	South Africa Clinton Roets Wayne Perry Gidion Vermeulen	Cyprus John Harvey Alistair Colliar Lucas Paraskeva
	Fours	Scotland Martyn Rice Alister Kennedy Grant Logan Graeme Archer	Ireland Mark McPeak Graham McKee Ian McClure Martin McHugh	Wales^[27] Sion Jones Mark Harding Andrew Fleming David Axon	Israel Roy Ben-ari Allan Saitowitz Yair Bekier Colin Silberstein
	Team	England Graham Shadwell Jamie Chestney John Hick Mark Bantock Rob Newman	Scotland Alister Kennedy David Peacock Graeme Archer Grant Logan Martyn Rice	South Africa Bobby Donnelly Clinton Roets Gerry Baker Gidion Vermeulen Wayne Perry
Women ^[25]^[29]	Singles	Ireland Catherine McMillen	England Natalie Melmore	Jersey^[28] Chrissie Grimes	Scotland Claire Johnston
	Pairs	Scotland Claire Johnston Margaret Letham	South Africa Tracey-Lee Botha Colleen Piketh	United States Dee McSparran Janice Bell	Spain^[30] Peta Rhodes Yvonne Briden
	Triples	Scotland Anne Dunwoodie Mandy O’Donnell Lorna Smith	England Julie Saunders Natalie Melmore Ellen Falkner	South Africa Helen Grundlingh Susanna Steyn Susan Nel	Spain^[30] Debbie Colquhoun Jan Dando Sheri Fletcher
	Fours	England Julie Saunders Sian Gordon Ellen Falkner Amy Gowshall	South Africa Helen Grundlingh Susanna Steyn Susan Nel Colleen Piketh	United States Meredith Elwell Margaret Rambo Janice Bell Marita Nierth	Ireland Ashleigh Rainey Ashleigh Montgomery Erin Smith Sarah Jane Coleman
	Team	England Amy Gowshall Ellen Falkner Julie Saunders Natalie Melmore Sian Gordon	Scotland Anne Dunwoodie Claire Johnston Lorna Smith Mandy O’Donnell Margaret Letham	South Africa Colleen Piketh Helen Grundlingh Susan Nel Susanna Steyn Tracey-Lee Botha

Medal Table

	Country	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total
1	England	5	2	0	7
2	Scotland	3	3	2	8
3	South Africa	1	2	5	8
4	Ireland	1	2	1	4
5	Wales	0	1	1	2
6	Jersey	0	0	3	3
7	Spain	0	0	2	2
7	United States	0	0	2	2
9	Cyprus	0	0	1	1
9	Israel	0	0	1	1

Squads

Squads^[25]
Canada^[14]		Cyprus^[22]		England		Guernsey		Ireland
Men Alex Scott George Whitelaw Pat Bird Steve Santana Steve McKerihen	Women Erin Roth Jean Roney Kylah Dittman Mary Ann Beath Shannon Battles	Men Alistair Colliar George Grey John Harvey John Woodcock Lucas Paraskeva	Women Christine Lacy Fran Davis Gill Ford Irene Owen Tina Woodcock	Men Graham Shadwell Jamie Chestney John Hick Mark Bantock Rob Newman	Women Amy Gowshall Ellen Falkner Julie Saunders Natalie Melmore Sian Gordon	Men Barry Lawrence Dan de la Mare Garry Collins Gary Pitschou Keith de la Mare Kris Bichard Matt Le Ber	Women Angela Bartie Gwen de la Mare Jan Lawrence Jean Simon Lucy Beere	Men Gary Kelly Graham McKee Ian McClure Mark McPeak Martin McHugh	Women Ashleigh Rainey Catherine McMillen Erin Smith Paula Montgomery Sarah Jane Coleman
Israel		Jersey		Netherlands		Scotland		South Africa
Men Allan Saitowitz Colin Silberstein Roy Ben-ari Yair Bekier Zvika Hadar	Women Irit Grencel Rivka Ovadia Ruti Gilor Tami Kamzel Yael Ben Ner	Men Alan Shaw Greg Davis Malcolm de Sousa Michael Rive Terry Allen Will Waymouth	Women Chrissie Grimes Helen Greechan Jackie Knight Sheila McGinnigle Sue Noel	Men Cor Scheick Hendrick Veenstra Jan Reinders Jan Dolieslager Joop van den Berg	Women Elly Dolieslager Guurtje Copier Ineke Nagtegaal Margreet Ardichem Saskoa Schaft	Men Alister Kennedy David Peacock Graeme Archer Grant Logan Martyn Rice	Women Anne Dunwoodie Claire Johnston Lorna Smith Mandy O’Donnell Margaret Letham	Men Bobby Donnelly Clinton Roets Gerry Baker Gidion Vermeulen Wayne Perry	Women Colleen Piketh Helen Grundlingh Susan Nel Susanna Steyn Tracey-Lee Botha
		Spain		United States		Wales
		Men Derek Eldon Joe Stamper Michael Johnson Nick Cole Paul Brown	Women Debbie Colquhoun Jan Dando Peta Rhodes Sheri Fletcher Yvonne Briden	Men Aaron Zangi Bill Brault Bob Schneider Jim Olsen Richard Broad	Women Dee McSparran Janice Bell Margaret Rambo Marita Nierth Meredith ‘Bobby’ Elwell	Men Andrew Fleming David Axon Jon Tomlinson Mark Harding Sion Jones	Women Ceris Hewlings Hannah Smith Judith Wason Kathy Pearce Laura Thomas

2015

Medalists

	Event	Gold	Silver	Bronze
Men	Singles
	Pairs
	Triples
	Fours
	Team
Women	Singles
	Pairs
	Triples
	Fours
	Team

Medal Table

	Country	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total

Squads

Squads
[[\|]]		[[\|]]		[[\|]]		[[\|]]		[[\|]]
Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
[[\|]]		[[\|]]		[[\|]]		[[\|]]		[[\|]]
Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
		[[\|]]		[[\|]]		[[\|]]
		Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "Lawn Bowls / World Championship placeat stake in Atlantic Rim Games" (PDF). Haaretz. 13 July 2007. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
^ ^a ^b "5th Atlantic Rim Games" (PDF). E Web. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
^ "BOWLS: ATLANTIC RIM WORLD GAMES". Daily Record. 15 August 2005. Retrieved 28 June 2015. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Lawn bowls / Atlantic Rim Games / Israel's delegation arrives in South Africa on world quest". Haaretz. 1 May 2009. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
^ "Atlantic Rim Championships". Bowls International. 17 October 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
^ "Selection 'mess' for Guernsey bowlers". Guernsey Press. 11 September 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2015. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "2015 Atlantic Championships". World Bowls. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
^ "Atlantic Rim Games Success". The Leader. 27 August 2005. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Bowls: Reds' Atlantic storm". Jersey Evening Post. 23 July 2007. Retrieved 1 December 2015. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Jersey team's World Bowls bid in New Zealand". Jersey Evening Post. 5 January 2008. Retrieved 1 December 2015. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Silver lining for duo". Jersey Evening Post. 18 July 2007. Retrieved 1 December 2015. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ ^a ^b "Bowls Guernsey Role of Honour: 2015 - 2005". Bowls Guernsey. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Wales pick young Bowls Delhi team". BBC Sport. 15 July 2010. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Atlantic Rim Games". Agianst The Bias. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
^ "Good start for Jersey bowlers in Ayr". Jersey Evening Post. 14 July 2007. Retrieved 1 December 2015. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Husband and wife eye Atlantic bowls success". Jersey Evening Post. 21 July 2007. Retrieved 1 December 2015. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "WBT Players - Jason Greenslade". World Bowls Tour. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
^ Cite error: The named reference Dehli Team was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c "Commonwealth Games gold medallist Robert Weale heads up Welsh bowls squad for Glasgow 2014". Wales Online. 11 December 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
^ "Atlantic bronze for Jersey bowls fours". Jersey Evening Post. 18 May 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2015. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Jersey fours in semi final". Jersey Evening Post. 18 May 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2015. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ ^a ^b "International Page". Bowls Cyprus. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
^ "Safety fears could bowl over ladies' Atlantic Rim defence". Jersey Evening Post. 30 September 2008. Retrieved 1 December 2015. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Five selected for South Africa". Jersey Evening Post. 28 November 2008. Retrieved 1 December 2015. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c "2011 Atlantic Championsips Teams" (PDF). Bowls South Africa. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
^ "2011 Atlantic Championships Men's Results" (PDF). Bowls South Africa. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Bowls: Wales struggle in Atlantic Rim Championship". Wales Online. 10 November 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Bronze Reward for Islanders Bowlers". Jersey Evening Post. 31 October 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2015. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "2011 Atlantic Championships Women's Results" (PDF). Bowls South Africa. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
^ ^a ^b "SPAIN TO HOST EUROPEAN BOWLS CHAMPIONSHIPS". The Leader. 27 November 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2015.

External Links

[Haaretz-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "Lawn Bowls / World Championship placeat stake in Atlantic Rim Games" (PDF). Haaretz. 13 July 2007. Retrieved 26 June 2015.

[5th_Atlantic-2] "5th Atlantic Rim Games" (PDF). E Web. Retrieved 28 June 2015.

[3] "BOWLS: ATLANTIC RIM WORLD GAMES". Daily Record. 15 August 2005. Retrieved 28 June 2015. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[Israel's_Delegation-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Lawn bowls / Atlantic Rim Games / Israel's delegation arrives in South Africa on world quest". Haaretz. 1 May 2009. Retrieved 28 June 2015.

[5] "Atlantic Rim Championships". Bowls International. 17 October 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2015.

[6] "Selection 'mess' for Guernsey bowlers". Guernsey Press. 11 September 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2015. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[7] "2015 Atlantic Championships". World Bowls. Retrieved 26 June 2015.

[8] "Atlantic Rim Games Success". The Leader. 27 August 2005. Retrieved 28 June 2015.

[Bowls_Reds-9] "Bowls: Reds' Atlantic storm". Jersey Evening Post. 23 July 2007. Retrieved 1 December 2015. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[Bowls_Bid-10] "Jersey team's World Bowls bid in New Zealand". Jersey Evening Post. 5 January 2008. Retrieved 1 December 2015. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[11] "Silver lining for duo". Jersey Evening Post. 18 July 2007. Retrieved 1 December 2015. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[Bowls_Guernsey_RofH-12] "Bowls Guernsey Role of Honour: 2015 - 2005". Bowls Guernsey. Retrieved 28 June 2015.

[Delhi_Team-13] "Wales pick young Bowls Delhi team". BBC Sport. 15 July 2010. Retrieved 28 June 2015.

[Against_The_Bias-14] "Atlantic Rim Games". Agianst The Bias. Retrieved 28 June 2015.

[15] "Good start for Jersey bowlers in Ayr". Jersey Evening Post. 14 July 2007. Retrieved 1 December 2015. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[16] "Husband and wife eye Atlantic bowls success". Jersey Evening Post. 21 July 2007. Retrieved 1 December 2015. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[17] "WBT Players - Jason Greenslade". World Bowls Tour. Retrieved 28 June 2015.

[Dehli_Team-18] Cite error: The named reference Dehli Team was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Weale_Heads_Up-19] "Commonwealth Games gold medallist Robert Weale heads up Welsh bowls squad for Glasgow 2014". Wales Online. 11 December 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2015.

[20] "Atlantic bronze for Jersey bowls fours". Jersey Evening Post. 18 May 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2015. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[21] "Jersey fours in semi final". Jersey Evening Post. 18 May 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2015. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[Bowls_Cyprus-22] "International Page". Bowls Cyprus. Retrieved 28 June 2015.

[23] "Safety fears could bowl over ladies' Atlantic Rim defence". Jersey Evening Post. 30 September 2008. Retrieved 1 December 2015. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[24] "Five selected for South Africa". Jersey Evening Post. 28 November 2008. Retrieved 1 December 2015. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[2011_Sqauds-25] "2011 Atlantic Championsips Teams" (PDF). Bowls South Africa. Retrieved 26 June 2015.

[26] "2011 Atlantic Championships Men's Results" (PDF). Bowls South Africa. Retrieved 16 June 2015.

[Wales_Struggle-27] "Bowls: Wales struggle in Atlantic Rim Championship". Wales Online. 10 November 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2015.

[Bronze_Reward-28] "Bronze Reward for Islanders Bowlers". Jersey Evening Post. 31 October 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2015. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[29] "2011 Atlantic Championships Women's Results" (PDF). Bowls South Africa. Retrieved 16 June 2015.

[Spain_Host-30] "SPAIN TO HOST EUROPEAN BOWLS CHAMPIONSHIPS". The Leader. 27 November 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2015.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]