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Article name is

culture is central to development: "Led by Amartya Sen, Mary Douglas, and Arjun Appadurai, the distinguished anthropologists and economists in this book forcefully argue that culture is central to development"

• Rao, Vijayendra; Walton, Michael, eds. (2004). Culture and Public Action. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-4787-5.

on culture and economic development

• Kay, J. (2004). Culture and Prosperity: The Truth About Markets - Why Some Nations Are Rich But Most Remain Poor. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-058705-5.

Further reading

• Lewis, Oscar (1974). "The culture of poverty". In Levine, Naomi B.; Hochbaum, Martin (eds.). Poor Jews: An American awakening. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers. doi:10.4324/9781351319447-2. ISBN 978-0-87855-073-9.
• Gorski, Paul (April 2008). "The Myth of the "Culture of Poverty"". Educational leadership. Vol. 65, no. 7. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. pp. 32–36.
• Harvey, David L.; Reed, Michael H. (1996). "The Culture of Poverty: An Ideological Analysis". Sociological Perspectives. 39 (4): 465–495. doi:10.2307/1389418. ISSN 0731-1214.
• Lewis, Oscar (1998). "The culture of poverty". Society. 35 (2): 7–9. doi:10.1007/BF02838122. ISSN 0147-2011.
• Cohen, Patricia (18 October 2010). "'Culture of poverty,' long an academic slur, makes a comeback: Scholars return to 'culture of poverty' ideas". New York Times. p. A1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-06-01. Retrieved 12 April 2024. Archive with comments
• Ladson-Billings, Gloria (2017). ""Makes Me Wanna Holler": Refuting the "Culture of Poverty" Discourse in Urban Schooling". The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 673 (1): 80–90. doi:10.1177/0002716217718793. ISSN 0002-7162.
• Leacock, Eleanor Burke. "The culture of poverty: A critique." (1971). https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED068606
• Ladson‐Billings, Gloria (2006). "It's Not the Culture of Poverty, It's the Poverty of Culture: The Problem with Teacher Education". Anthropology & Education Quarterly. 37 (2): 104–109. doi:10.1525/aeq.2006.37.2.104. ISSN 0161-7761.
• Goetze, Dieter (1992). ""Culture of Poverty" — Eine Spurensuche". In Leibfried, Stephan; Voges, Wolfgang (eds.). Armut im modernen Wohlfahrtsstaat (in German). Opladen: Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie Sonderhefte. pp. 88–103. doi:10.1007/978-3-322-83590-1_5. ISBN 978-3-531-12314-1. ISSN 0454-1340.
  • After a temporary decline in interest in the "culture of poverty" approach, some associated associations have been revived in recent years. In the USA and Great Britain, the idea of the “underclass” has sparked this discussion again, and considerations in this direction can also be seen in the Federal Republic of Germany. Kardorff and Koenen (1985), for example, support the thesis of the emergence of a separate "culture of poverty" because poverty is increasingly re-emerging as a mass phenomenon and has become visible again in specific ways of spatial and social exclusion in the form of homeless settlements, transit districts, foreigner quarters and container housing complexes “, “whose orientations are primarily directed inward.” These authors assign it an independence that they see as particularly characterized by “a repertoire of actions and behavior that points back to a damaged motive basis, specifically resignation and demoralization” (Kardorff and Koenen 1985, p. 372). This includes ideas that - albeit in a different guise - are reminiscent of the "culture of poverty" hypothesis, which was hotly debated in the 1960s and 1970s.
• Cuthrell, Kristen; Stapleton, Joy; Ledford, Carolyn (2009-10-09). "Examining the Culture of Poverty: Promising Practices". Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth. 54 (2): 104–110. doi:10.1080/10459880903217689. ISSN 1045-988X.
• Howe, Leo. (1998). Where is the Culture in the'Culture of Poverty'?. Cambridge anthropology, 66-91. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23820311
• McDermott, Ray; Vossoughi, Shirin (2020-04-02). "The culture of poverty, again". Diaspora, Indigenous, and Minority Education. 14 (2): 60–69. doi:10.1080/15595692.2020.1733960. ISSN 1559-5692.
• Rodman, Hyman (1977). "Culture of Poverty: The Rise and Fall of a Concept". The Sociological Review. 25 (4): 867–876. doi:10.1111/j.1467-954X.1977.tb00317.x. ISSN 0038-0261.
• Lewis, Oscar (1963). "The culture of poverty". Society. 1 (1): 17–19. doi:10.1007/BF03182237. ISSN 0147-2011.
• Boxill, Bernard (1994). "The Culture of Poverty". Social Philosophy and Policy. 11 (1): 249–280. doi:10.1017/S0265052500004374. ISSN 0265-0525.
• Varenne, Hervé; Scroggins, Michael (12 March 2015). "Culture of Poverty: Critique" (PDF). In Wright, James David (ed.). International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 590–595. doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.64091-6. ISBN 978-0-08-097087-5.
  • This article recounts the historical, theoretical, and empirical basis of the culture of poverty program as it was developed in the writings of Oscar Lewis and examines the anthropological critique of his work that developed immediately upon the heels of Lewis' final publications. Further, this article examines the recent emergence of the culture and poverty program and notes its confluences with and points of departure from the culture of poverty program.
• Jones, Rachel K.; Luo, Ye (1999). "The Culture of Poverty and African-American Culture: An Empirical Assessment". Sociological Perspectives. 42 (3): 439–458. doi:10.2307/1389697. ISSN 0731-1214.
• Niskanen, William A. (Spring 1996). "Welfare and the culture of poverty" (PDF). Cato Journal. 16 (1): 1–15.
• Parker, Seymour; Kleiner, Robert J. (1970). "The Culture of Poverty: An Adjustive Dimension". American Anthropologist. 72 (3): 516–527. doi:10.1525/aa.1970.72.3.02a00020. ISSN 0002-7294.
• Redeaux, Monique (2011). "The culture of poverty reloaded" (PDF). Monthly Review. 63 (3): 96–102.
• Kumar, Mukul (2010). "Poverty and Culture of Daily Life". Psychology and Developing Societies. 22 (2): 331–359. doi:10.1177/097133361002200205. ISSN 0971-3336.
• Rogalsky, Jennifer (30 October 2009). ""Mythbusters": Dispelling the Culture of Poverty Myth in the Urban Classroom". Journal of Geography. 108 (4–5). Informa UK Limited: 198–209. doi:10.1080/00221340903344953. ISSN 0022-1341.
• Gajdosikienė, Indrė (2004-06-20). "Oscar Lewis' culture of poverty: Critique and further development". Sociologija. Mintis ir veiksmas. 13: 88–96. doi:10.15388/SocMintVei.2004.1.5951. ISSN 1392-3358.
  • In this article the concept of the culture of poverty as defined by Oscar Lewis, and its critique was reviewed, and methodologies for exploring adaptation to poverty suggested. Lewis described the culture of poverty as a way of life, clusters of traits of some of poor people, that develop as an adaptation to living in poverty in a capitalist society, and from then are passed through generations. Lewis came to this idea from his Marxist background. The wording of the concept, however, was not very successful, as reflected by the number of misunderstandings and criticisms. Some of them, though, rise from a different understanding of culture. The theory behind the Lewis’ concept was not developed well. The concept soon gained popularity among politicians and wider audience, but was largely discarded in the intellectual circles. The researchers, who tried to check the culture of poverty hypotheses, also came to ambiguous conclusions. It was partly due to the vagueness of the definition of the concept, and partly because of the research methods used. The idealistic model of culture as consensus, because of the separation of “what is in the mind” vs. traits, behaviors, way of life etc., could be a clearer way to understand and analyze some of the poverty issues, especially when poverty is defined by consensus. However, for those interested in the issue of poverty, it would require a connection with other, more “materialist” variables in order to understand and explain the issue more fully: the idea of adaptation to the longterm deprivations can help to understand the behavior of people living in poverty better.
• Roach, J. L.; Gursslin, O. R. (1967-03-01). "An Evaluation of the Concept "Culture of Poverty"". Social Forces. 45 (3): 383–392. doi:10.1093/sf/45.3.383. ISSN 0037-7732.
• Hill, Ronald Paul (2002). "Consumer Culture and the Culture of poverty: Implications for Marketingtheory and Practice". Marketing Theory. 2 (3): 273–293. doi:10.1177/1470593102002003279. ISSN 1470-5931.
• Walton, Michael (2010). "Culture matters for poverty, but not because of a culture of poverty: Notes on analytics and policy". In Platteau, Jean-Philippe; Peccoud, Robert (eds.). Culture, institutions, and development: New insights into an old debate. Routledge studies in development economics. New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203843338. ISBN 978-0-415-58007-6. OCLC 466361073.
  • Do poor people stay poor because of their culture? Does culture shape the dynamism or stagnation of groups, even of nations? The phrase ‘a culture of poverty’ was coined by the anthropologist Oscar Lewis. But the idea that there exists such a thing as a culture of poverty is generally derided by the anthropology profession. Most economists tend to just ignore questions of culture. Yet the culture of poverty view keeps coming back, sometimes implicitly in attitudes to the poor and approaches to policy, sometimes explicitly, as, for example, in contributions of the recent book by Harrison and Huntington (2000), entitled Culture Matters. This chapter takes on the question of the relationship between culture and poverty. It provides a review of the analytics of the issues in four areas: micro (or group-based) interpretations of links between culture and poverty; potential links to growth processes; implications for normative assessments; and consequences for policy. We first state a version of the culture of poverty view based on the characteristics of poor groups. We argue that this formulation of the relationship between cultural influences and poverty is incorrect, and potentially dangerously misleading for both normative assessment and policy design. Culture of poverty perspectives have three problems: they view cultural features of the poor in isolation from their relations with other groups; they underestimate the adaptability of economic behaviour to distinct cultural histories; and they give insufficient attention to the pliability of culture, in response to economic, political and social conditions. The chapter then argues that culture does matter, and offers an alternative approach: cultural factors can play a role in sustaining inter-group differences in wealth, status and power. Such inequalities can shape beliefs, aspirations, stigma, social narratives and symbolic and information structures, with manifestations in collective organization, economic behaviour and individual psychology. If the mechanisms involved are self-enforcing and persistent, this can be considered to be an ‘inequality trap’. Where such an inequality trap exists, it implies that subordinate groups are maintained at least in relative poverty, and that these are associated with culturally shaped behaviours and stigmatized identities. These can include endogenous preferences that limit the prospects of poorer, subordinate, groups. The sustained condition of (relative) deprivation may look like a ‘poverty trap’, but such a view constitutes a misdiagnosis of the underlying causes of the condition.2 Group-based differences in wealth and status are sustained over time by interlocking (formal and informal) economic institutions, power structures and cultural relations between groups. It is important then to understand the dynamics of the system, including both cultural dynamics and how these interact with both economic and political processes. We then turn to the question of whether culture can influence economic growth. The national version of the culture of poverty view is reviewed and rejected. But there is again a case for cultural factors influencing growth-related processes, though here the chapter is more speculative. There is some micro support for the view that there are interactions between culturally shaped inequality traps and accumulation. At the macro level, the evidence is inconclusive, but there is a case for exploring how group-based identities can interact with political processes in ways that tend to be growth-dampening or promoting. The chapter then shifts from positive to normative analysis – since normative considerations are an important aspect of the ‘culture of poverty’ view. It first relates the analysis to both aggregative and equity dimensions of welfare – in Sen’s language the level and equality of capabilities. We argue that equality of agency, that is culturally shaped, is (often) an ingredient of equality of opportunity, and this concept goes beyond many existing formulations of this notion. For normative evaluations, we are particularly interested in transitions that lead to either greater equality or increased growth-enhancing processes. Either is potentially superior, though we have a special interest in shifts to a ‘better’ and more efficient inequality equilibrium, that also has a positive causative relationship with growth-related processes. Such an equilibrium will have superior aggregate outcomes and equity characteristics, but is not necessarily Pareto-superior. Breaking inequality traps will often intrinsically involve losses to those who benefited from initial structures of inequality. Finally we review policy implications, in terms of categories of policies that may be relevant to breaking culturally shaped inequality traps. We suggest that change may occur from a number of sources, including exogenous economic and political shifts, and endogenous processes within the system, including social mobilization, or from elite groups deciding to effect change from above. Where there is a self-enforcing inequality trap, there may still be some scope for agency within the system; it is important to understand this for the design of policy. The chapter is an analytical review of these issues, with a primarily nonformal presentation. In many parts we use the Indian case as an example, including in particular the position of scheduled castes (dalits) and tribal groups (adivasis). This is not intended as a contribution to the extensive literature on these groups, but rather as an illustration of the analytical arguments. Since the focus is on poverty and inequality, the chapter does not review an important set of other domains in which economic processes interact with cultural processes and social norms, such as the role of culturally shaped norms in managing the commons.
• Coward, Barbara E.; Feagin, Joe R.; Williams, J. Allen (1974). "The Culture of Poverty Debate: Some Additional Data". Social Problems. 21 (5): 621–634. doi:10.2307/799638.
• Barriga, Miguel Díaz (1997-10-01). "The Culture of Poverty as Relajo". Aztlán: A Journal of Chicano Studies. 22 (2): 43–66. doi:10.1525/azt.1997.22.2.43. ISSN 0005-2604.
• Mead, Lawrence M. (2020-07-21). "Poverty and Culture" (PDF). Society. doi:10.1007/s12115-020-00496-1. ISSN 0147-2011.
• Mead, Lawrence M. (2021). "Poverty and Culture". Academic Questions. 34 (1). doi:10.51845/34s.1.19.
  • The cause and nature of long-term poverty is one of the most important yet daunting questions scholars have tried to address in the modern era. Despite what the petitioners against Mead's article imply, there is no consensus about the causes of poverty and even less agreement on the efficacy of various solutions. The editors of Academic Questions and the National Association of Scholars believe that the best approach to difficult policy questions is the free flow of ideas from a large variety of viewpoints and methodologies. It is true that we know Professor Mead as a man of great personal integrity. But we publish his account here because we believe the problem of poverty, like other scholarly questions, benefits most from free and rigorous debate and careful consideration of the evidence. It is disappointing to see large numbers of scholars seek to close off viewpoints they disagree with and to shut down debate (while also seeking to personally damage and impugn a fellow scholar). It is even more dispiriting to watch as respected publishers and academic institutions comply with such obvious attacks on academic freedom. In republishing Mead's article we uphold the principles of academic freedom, including the freedom of faculty members to pursue academic research; their freedom to question and to think for themselves; and their freedom from ideological imposition.
• Spencer-Wood, Suzanne M.; Matthews, Christopher N. (2011). "Impoverishment, Criminalization, and the Culture of Poverty". Historical Archaeology. 45 (3): 1–10. doi:10.1007/BF03376843. ISSN 0440-9213.
• Lee, Jin-Sook (2004). "빈곤문화실태에 대한 탐색적 연구 - 긴급구호시설 종사자들을 대상으로" [An exploratory study on the reality of the culture of poverty: For emergency relief facility workers]. Korean Journal of Social Welfare (in Korean). 56 (4): 149–172.
  • The main purpose of this study is to explore and understand the reality of culture of poverty that employees of emergent relief facilities recognize. For this purpose, it had been carried out questionnaire with employees of emergent relief facilities from November to December 2003. It was applied quantitative research method to this study. Major findings of the study are as follows: 1) the awareness of employees to facilities in which they work is positive, 2) but their awareness to service user is negative(the degree of individual characteristic, educational characteristic and economical characteristic of service user is generally negative, while the degree of familial characteristic is generally positive), 3) the awareness to relationship with service user is positive. The results of this study reveal possibility that the culture of poverty can be expanded under the poor and psychic rehabilitation programs should be reinforced.
• Beall, Jo (2000). "From the culture of poverty to inclusive cities: re-framing urban policy and politics". Journal of International Development. 12 (6): 843–856. doi:10.1002/1099-1328(200008)12:6<843::AID-JID713>3.0.CO;2-G. ISSN 0954-1748.
• Morris, Michael (1989). "From the culture of poverty to the underclass: An analysis of a shift in public language". The American Sociologist. 20 (2): 123–133. doi:10.1007/BF02691850. ISSN 0003-1232.
• Eames, Edwin; Goode, Judith (1970). "On Lewis' Culture of Poverty Concept". Current Anthropology. 11 (4/5): 479–482. doi:10.1086/201152. ISSN 0011-3204.
• Irelan, L. M.; Moles, O. C.; O'Shea, R. M. (1969-06-01). "Ethnicity, Poverty, and Selected Attitudes: A Test of the "Culture Of Poverty" Hypothesis". Social Forces. 47 (4): 405–413. doi:10.2307/2574529. ISSN 0037-7732.
• Ahmed, Fauzia Erfan (2013). "The Market at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Understanding the Culture of Poverty". Perspectives on Global Development and Technology. 12 (4): 489–513. doi:10.1163/15691497-12341269. ISSN 1569-1500.
• Miller, Walter (1971-06-01). "Subculture, Social Reform and the "Culture of Poverty"". Human Organization. 30 (2): 111–125. doi:10.17730/humo.30.2.um1744q8l36024t2. ISSN 0018-7259.
• Fahmy, Ninette S (2004-10-01). "A culture of poverty or the poverty of a culture? Informal settlements and the debate over the state-society relationship in Egypt". Middle East Journal. 58 (4): 597–611. doi:10.3751/194034604783997042. ISSN 0026-3141. JSTOR 4330065.
  • Problems facing informal (“squatter”) settlements in Egypt have increasingly gained public exposure through both media coverage and scholarly debates. Whereas the state public discourse reflects a pretence for developing these areas, this paper, through the study of the relationship between the state and members living in three urban squatter areas, argues that government response towards squatters takes the following forms: negligence, demolition, relocation, and exploitation. Whereas demolition and relocation take place under exceptional conditions, negligence and exploitation are the most common forms of the state response towards the marginal sector. This exploitation serves the state's public officials in lining their own pockets and provides a rich source of votes for the state political apparatus, which guarantee the continuity of the regime. Thus, a culture characterised by its poverty is created among squatters where individual and personal interests attain precedence over communal interests, leading to more exploitation and corruption, which impedes the government developmental policies and programs, leading to a further weakening of the state.
• Valentine, Charles A. (1968). Culture and poverty : critique and counter-proposals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-84545-6. OCLC 439586.
• Valentine, Chales A.; Berndt, Catherine H.; Boissevain, Ethel; Bushnell, John H.; Carstens, Peter; Gladwin, Thomas; Hannerz, Ulf; Kochar, V. K.; Leacock, Eleanor; Lewis, Oscar; Mangin, William; Matza, David; Mead, Margaret; Miller, Walter B.; Moynihan, Daniel P. (April 1969). "Culture and Poverty: Author's précis and reviews" (PDF). Current Anthropology. 10 (2): 181–201. JSTOR 2740476.
• Lewis, Oscar (1967). The culture of poverty. Scientific American, 215(4).
• Thomas, Susan L. (1994). "From the Culture of Poverty to the Culture of Single Motherhood: The New Poverty Paradigm". Women & Politics. 14 (2): 65–97. doi:10.1300/J014v14n02_04.
• Small, Mario Luis; Harding, David J.; Lamont, Michèle (2010). "Reconsidering Culture and Poverty". The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 629 (1): 6–27. doi:10.1177/0002716210362077. ISSN 0002-7162.
• Seale, Elizabeth (2020). "Strategies for Conducting Post-Culture-of-Poverty Research on Poverty, Meaning, and Behavior". The American Sociologist. 51 (4): 402–424. doi:10.1007/s12108-020-09460-2. ISSN 0003-1232.
• Jindra, Ines W.; Jindra, Michael (2018-01-02). "Connecting Poverty, Culture, and Cognition: The Bridges Out of Poverty Process". Journal of Poverty. 22 (1): 42–64. doi:10.1080/10875549.2016.1204644. ISSN 1087-5549.
• Graves, Theodore D. (1974). "urban Indian personality and the 'culture of poverty' 1". American Ethnologist. 1 (1): 65–86. doi:10.1525/ae.1974.1.1.02a00040. ISSN 0094-0496.
• Cherry, Robert (1995). "The Culture-of-Poverty Thesis and African Americans: The Work of Gunnar Myrdal and Other Institutionalists". Journal of Economic Issues. 29 (4): 1119–1132. doi:10.1080/00213624.1995.11505743. ISSN 0021-3624.
• Mohammadpur, Ahmad; Karimi, Jalil; Alizadeh, Mehdi (2014). "Women and culture of poverty (a qualitative study of the culture of poverty among the Iranian caretaker women)". Quality & Quantity. 48 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1007/s11135-012-9744-x. ISSN 0033-5177.
• Carmon, Naomi (1985). "Poverty and Culture: Empirical Evidence and Implications for Public Policy". Sociological Perspectives. 28 (4): 403–417. doi:10.2307/1389226. ISSN 0731-1214.
• Marcus, Anthony (2005). "The Culture of Poverty Revisited: Bringing Back the Working Class". Anthropologica. 47 (1): 35–52. doi:10.2307/25606216. JSTOR 25606216.
• Ortiz, Ana Teresa; Briggs, Laura (2003). "The Culture of Poverty, Crack Babies, and Welfare Cheats: The Making of the "Healthy White Baby Crisis"". Social Text. 21 (3): 39–57. ISSN 0164-2472.
• MacKay, Lynn (Autumn 1995). "A Culture of Poverty? The St. Martin in the Fields Workhouse, 1817". Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 26 (2): 209-231. doi:10.2307/206606. JSTOR 206606.
• Schlossman, Steven L. (1974). The “Culture of Poverty” in Ante-Bellum Social Thought. Science & Society, 38(2), 150–166. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40401778
• Perera, Marie. (2010). "Why not? But I can't" – Influence of a 'culture of poverty' on learning - A case study. Sabaragamuwa University Journal, 6(1).
• Perera, Marie (2010-03-29). ""Why not? But I can't" – Influence of a 'culture of poverty' on learning - A case study". Sabaragamuwa University Journal. 6 (1): 23–34. doi:10.4038/suslj.v6i1.1687. ISSN 2386-2041.
• Bourgois, Phillippe (2001). "Poverty, culture of". International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences. Vol. 17. pp. 11904–11907. Republished as Bourgois, Phillippe (2015). "Poverty, Culture of" (PDF). In Wright, James David (ed.). International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 719–721. doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.12048-3. ISBN 978-0-08-097087-5.
• Rosemblatt, Karin Alejandra (2009-11-01). "Other Americas: Transnationalism, Scholarship, and the Culture of Poverty in Mexico and the United States". Hispanic American Historical Review. 89 (4): 603–641. doi:10.1215/00182168-2009-047. ISSN 0018-2168.
  • The anthropologist Oscar Lewis first used the term “culture of poverty” in a 1959 article on Mexico. Within months, the idea that the poor had a distinct culture became part of a passionate, decade-long, worldwide debate about poverty. Scholars, policy makers, and broader publics discussed what caused poverty and how to remedy it. How entrenched were the class and racial differences that led to poverty? How did those differences affect a country’s standing in the community of nations? This article tracks the concept of a culture of poverty as a way of probing the reciprocal, if unequal, connections between Mexico and the United States and their relation to national narratives and policy debates. It tracks how Lewis’s formulation of a culture of poverty drew on his training as an anthropologist in the United States, his extensive dialogue with Mexican intellectuals, and his fieldwork in Mexico. It also shows how Lewis and others reformulated the notion in response to intense public controversies in Mexico and Puerto Rico; the vehement U.S. discussions surrounding the War on Poverty and Daniel Patrick Moynihan’s report on the Negro family, and larger events such as the Cuban Revolution, the U.S. civil rights movement, decolonization, the Vietnam War, and second-wave feminism.
• Della Fave, L. Richard (1974). "The Culture of Poverty Revisited: A Strategy for Research". Social Problems. 21 (5): 609–621. doi:10.2307/799637. JSTOR 799637.
  • Although the debate over the culture of poverty has diminished greatly in intensity, most of the principal issues in that debate remain unresolved. This is atttributed, in large part, to the lack of a systematic theoretical framework to guide empirical research in this area. A proposed framework is developed, based upon Hyman Rodman's concept "value stretch." General hypotheses are derived and applied to specific issues in the culture of poverty debate.
• Seale, Elizabeth (2020). "Strategies for Conducting Post-Culture-of-Poverty Research on Poverty, Meaning, and Behavior". The American Sociologist. 51 (4): 402–424. doi:10.1007/s12108-020-09460-2. hdl:20.500.12648/7353. ISSN 0003-1232. JSTOR 48727415.
• Baker Collins, Stephanie; Smith-Carrier, Tracy; Gazso, Amber; Smith, Carrie (2020-01-02). "Resisting the Culture of Poverty Narrative: Perspectives of Social Assistance Recipients". Journal of Poverty. 24 (1): 72–93. doi:10.1080/10875549.2019.1678551. ISSN 1087-5549.
• Harding, David; Lamont, Michele; Small, Mario Luis (2010). Reconsidering Culture and Poverty. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Series. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-4129-8897-1.
• Kaplow, Jeffry (1967). "The Culture of Poverty in Paris on the Eve of the Revolution". International Review of Social History. 12 (2): 277–291. doi:10.1017/S0020859000003369. ISSN 0020-8590. JSTOR 44581592.
• Harrison, David (1976). "The Culture of Poverty in Coconut Village, Trinidad: A Critique". The Sociological Review. 24 (4): 831–858. doi:10.1111/j.1467-954X.1976.tb00587.x. ISSN 0038-0261.
• Figueroa, Robert Melchior (2004). "Bivalent environmental justice and the culture of poverty" (PDF). Rutgers University Journal of Law and Urban Policy. 1 (1): 27–44.
• Oppong, Seth (2022). "Locus of control and culture of poverty. An appraisal of Lawrence M. Mead's ideas in 'Culture and Poverty'" (PDF). Academicus International Scientific Journal. 13 (25): 226–234.
• Greaves, Thomas C. (1971). "Is There a Culture of Poverty?". Expedition: The magazine of the University of Pennsylvania. Vol. 14, no. 1. pp. 10–13. ISSN 0014-4738. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
• Munywoki, Samson Makau. (1994). The culture of poverty: An impediment to development. Journal of Eastern African Research & Development, 24, 54–73. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24326312
• Lamont, Michèle; Small, Mario Luis (2008). "How culture matters: Enriching our understanding of poverty" (PDF). In Lin, Ann Chih; Harris, David R. (eds.). The Colors of Poverty: Why Racial and Ethnic Disparities Persist. National Poverty Center Series on Poverty and Public Policy. New York City: Russell Sage Foundation. pp. 76–102. ISBN 978-0-87154-539-8. OCLC 213358161. https://www.academia.edu/download/30407269/lamont_small-how-culture-matters.pdf Preprint. Revised from Lamont, Michèle; Small, Mario Luis (June 2006). How Culture Matters for Poverty: Thickening our Understanding (PDF). National Poverty Center Working Paper Series. University of Michigan.
• Rabow, Jerome; Berkman, Sherry L.; Kessler, Ronald (1983). "The Culture of Poverty and Learned Helplessness: A Social Psychological Perspective*". Sociological Inquiry. 53 (4): 419–434. doi:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1983.tb01232.x. ISSN 0038-0245.
• Tuason, Ma Teresa. (2002). Culture of poverty: lessons from two case studies of poverty in the Philippines; One became rich, the other one stayed poor. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 8(1), 3. https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1069&context=orpc
• Jaffe, Frederick S.; Polgar, Steven (1968). "Family Planning and Public Policy: Is the "Culture of Poverty" the New Cop-Out?". Journal of Marriage and the Family. 30 (2): 228-235. doi:10.2307/349248. JSTOR 349248.
• Lewis, Oscar. (1960). The Culture of Poverty in Mexico City. Two Case Studies, The Economic Weekly, Special.
• Gorski, Paul C. (2013). "Teaching Against Essentialism and the "Culture of Poverty"" (PDF). In Gorski, Paul; Zenkov, Kristien; Osei-Kofi, Nana; Sapp, Jeff (eds.). Cultivating Social Justice Teachers: How Teacher Educators Have Helped Students Overcome Cognitive Bottlenecks and Learn Critical Social Justice Concepts. Sterling, Virginia: Stylus Publishing. doi:10.4324/9781003443940-6. ISBN 978-1-57922-888-0.
• Kimenyi, Mwangi S. (1991). "Rational Choice, Culture of Poverty, and the Intergenerational Transmission of Welfare Dependency" (PDF). Southern Economic Journal. 57 (4). JSTOR: 947-960. doi:10.2307/1060325. ISSN 0038-4038. JSTOR 1060325.
• Nunnally, Shayla C.; Carter, Niambi M. (2012). "Moving from Victims to Victors: African American Attitudes on the "Culture of Poverty" and Black Blame". Journal of African American Studies. 16 (3): 423–455. doi:10.1007/s12111-011-9197-7. ISSN 1559-1646. JSTOR 43525428.
• Erhard, Franz (2024). "Culture and poverty from a lifeworld stance: rehabilitating a controversial conceptual pair". American Journal of Cultural Sociology. 12 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1057/s41290-022-00170-5. ISSN 2049-7113.
• Branch, Enobong Hannah; Scherer, Mary Larue (2013). "Mapping the Intersections in the Resurgence of the Culture of Poverty" (PDF). Race, Gender & Class. 20 (3): 346–358. JSTOR 43496950.
• Harkness, Susan; Gregg, Paul; MacMillan, Lindsey (26 June 2012), Poverty: the role of institutions, behaviours and culture (PDF), York, UK: Joseph Rowntree Foundation, ISBN 978-1-85935-920-4
• Prins, Esther; Schafft, Kai A. (2009). "Individual and Structural Attributions for Poverty and Persistence in Family Literacy Programs: The Resurgence of the Culture of Poverty" (PDF). Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education. 111 (9): 2280–2310. doi:10.1177/016146810911100902. ISSN 0161-4681.
• Abell, Troy; Lyon, Larry (1979). "do the differences make a difference? an empirical evaluation of the culture of poverty in the United States". American Ethnologist. 6 (3): 602–621. doi:10.1525/ae.1979.6.3.02a00120. ISSN 0094-0496. JSTOR 643785.
• Phillips, Joshua D. (2018). "The Culture of Poverty: On Individual Choices and Infantilizing Bureaucracies". In Frisby, Craig L.; O'Donohue, William T. (eds.). Cultural Competence in Applied Psychology: An Evaluation of Current Status and Future Directions. Cham: Springer. pp. 383–401. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-78997-2_16. ISBN 978-3-319-78995-8.
• Mohan, Brij (2011-01-26). Development, Poverty of Culture, and Social Policy. New York City: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9780230117655. ISBN 978-0-230-11025-0. OCLC 646630193.
  • A detailed and informed critique of Oscar Lewis concept of The Culture of Poverty. From Schools of Social Work and Public Administration to the highest levels of policy-making, Lewis work has guided our thinking about the notion of poverty. By reframing this concept as a political issue not an economic one, Mohan challenges us to re-think our guiding principles on this fundamental problem.
• Brandon, Richard Duane (1981). Culture and poverty (Thesis). Pasadena: Fuller Theological Seminary, School of World Mission. OCLC 9403717.
• Winter, J. Alan, ed. (1971). The poor: A culture of poverty, or a poverty of culture?. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-598-19386-5.
  • The first paper, "Introduction: The culture of poverty hypotheses and their import for social science and social policy," discusses three related hypotheses developed by Oscar Lewis concerning the poor with respect to the views of the other contributors to this volume bearing on those hypotheses. The second paper, "Family structure, poverty, and race," advocates that sociologists study the unique strengths in the Negro family in America that have enabled it to accomplish in one century a kind of stability similar to the stability that the white family in America has required almost three centuries to develop. The third paper, "The culture of poverty? What does it matter," discusses how the culture of poverty idea does matter to the behavioral science disciplines; to the images and life chances of poor people; and to the structuring of relations among individuals and groups. Also discussed are some of the ways in which the idea of the culture of poverty and the research methods associated with it fail to deal with some fundamental human and knowledge issues. The fourth paper is "Subculture and social reform: The case of the 'Culture of Poverty'."
• Leacock, Eleanor Burke (1971). The Culture of Poverty: A Critique. A Touchstone book. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-20845-5.
• Harding, David; Lamont, Michele; Small, Mario Luis (2010). Reconsidering Culture and Poverty. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Series. Los Angeles: SAGE. ISBN 978-1-4129-8897-1.
• Gal, A.D.V. (2014). Generational Poverty: An Economic Look at the Culture of the Poor. Vernon Press. ISBN 978-1-62273-018-6.
• Wages, Michele (2015). Culture, Poverty, and Education: What's Happening in Today's Schools?. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4758-2013-3.
• Lewis, Oscar (1966). La Vida: A Puerto Rican Family in the Culture of Poverty--San Juan and New York. Random House. ISBN 978-0-394-45046-9.
• Lewis, O. (1970). Five Families: Mexican Case Studies in the Culture of Poverty. Mentor book. New American Library.
• Winter, Jerry Alan; Glazer, Nathan (1971). The Poor: a Culture of Poverty: Or a Poverty of Culture?. Eerdmans.
• Rodman, Hyman (1971). Lower-class Families: The Culture of Poverty in Negro Trinidad. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-501378-8.
• Sowah, Alexander Nii Adjei (2013). An Analysis of Oscar Lewis' Culture of Poverty Thesis. Lambert Academic Publishing. ISBN 978-3-659-31263-2.
• Payne, Ruby K. (2013). A framework for understanding poverty: A cognitive approach. Highlands, Texas: Aha! Process. ISBN 978-1-938248-01-6. OCLC 841912618.
• Zurcher, Louis A.; Erickson, Rosemary J. (1973). An Empirical Investigation of Oscar Lewis's Culture of Poverty Hypotheses. Western Behavioral Sciences Institute.
• Katz, Michael B. (2013). The Undeserving Poor: America's Enduring Confrontation with Poverty (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-997895-3. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
• Raz, Mical (2013). What's Wrong with the Poor? : Psychiatry, Race, and the War on Poverty. Studies in Social Medicine. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-4696-0888-4.
• Bell, Monica; Fosse, Nathan; Lamont, Michèle; Rosen, Eva (2015). "Culture of Poverty, Beyond the" (PDF). In Stone, John; Dennis, Rutledge M.; Rizova, Polly; Smith, Anthony D.; Hou, Xiaoshuo (eds.). The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity and Nationalism. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781118663202.wberen108. ISBN 978-1-4051-8978-1.
• Miller, David B. (1976). "A partial test of Oscar Lewis's culture of poverty in rural America" (PDF). Current Anthropology. 17 (4): 720–723. doi:10.1086/201809. ISSN 0011-3204.
  • In an effort to test certain aspects of Oscar Lewis's "Culture of Poverty Theory" in the rural South, an investigation was made of the differences in participation patterns of the rural poor, those factors associated with participation patterns of the rural poor, and the relationship between the social participation patterns of one generation and the mobility of the next generation. Applying the Gamma measure of association, the completed interview schedules of 110 Mississippi (Kemper County) household heads (36 white and 74 black) and their adult children (218 black and 139 white) were analyzed. In the first part of the analysis, the high, moderate, and low participation scores of household heads were treated as dependent variables and age, income, education, geographic mobility potential, home tenure status, and sex as independent variables. In the second part of the analysis, the years of education of adult children and the geographic distance they had moved were treated as dependent variables, while the community participation scores of their parents constituted the independent variable. Results indicated household heads who participated most beyond the nuclear family had children who: showed greater mobility potential; were better educated; and moved greater geographic distances away from home.
• Gehlbach, Sally J. (1966). The culture of poverty among American negroes (PDF) (Report). University of Illinois, Urbana. Institute for Research on Exceptional Children.
  • With Oscar Lewis' concept of a "culture of poverty" as a frame of reference, this paper explores the nature ofpoverty among american negroes as portrayed in novels, autobiographies, and sociological studies. the poor who live in this "culture of poverty" lose theirplace in society and, over generations, fail to become effective participants in groups of institutions beyond their nuclear families or slum. in the paper lower-class negroes making the transition from a rural (formerly slave) background to a modern urban setting, and whose former traditions and memberships have been shattered (and new ones not developed), are discussed in terms of physical environment, economic life, familylife, relationship to institutions (educational, medical, social, government and legal, negro movements), and psychological characteristics. references are included.
• Kurtz, Donald V (2014). "Culture, poverty, politics: Cultural sociologists, Oscar Lewis, Antonio Gramsci". Critique of Anthropology. 34 (3): 327–345. doi:10.1177/0308275X14530577. ISSN 0308-275X.
• Chandler, Aaron (2022-09-01). "Slum Simulacra: Jack Kerouac, Oscar Lewis, and Cultures of Poverty". Twentieth-Century Literature. 68 (3): 243–272. doi:10.1215/0041462X-10028057. ISSN 0041-462X.
• McDermott, Ray; Vossoughi, Shirin (2020-04-02). "The culture of poverty, again". Diaspora, Indigenous, and Minority Education. 14 (2): 60–69. doi:10.1080/15595692.2020.1733960. ISSN 1559-5692.
• Potts, David (1990). "A positive culture of poverty represented in memories of the 1930s depression". Journal of Australian Studies. 14 (26): 3–14. doi:10.1080/14443059009387016. ISSN 1444-3058.
• Carr, Stuart C. (2003). "Poverty and Psychology". Poverty and Psychology. Boston, MA: Springer US. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0029-2_1. ISBN 978-1-4613-4891-7.
• Kelley, Marjorie G. "The Culture of Poverty: An Exploration in Culture and Personality." (1971).
• Talukder, Md Shahrear, and Zahid Hasan Akash. "The Traditional Bengali Culture in Satyajit Ray's Pather Panchali: From the Perspective of Oscar Lewis' Culture of Poverty."
• Lewis, Oscar (1968), A Study of Slum Culture: Backgrounds for La Vida Republished in Roberts, J. T.; Hite, A.B.; Chorev, N. (2014). The Globalization and Development Reader: Perspectives on Development and Global Change. Wiley. p. 79-87. ISBN 978-1-118-73510-7. Retrieved 14 April 2024.</ref>
• Scroggins, Michael J. (2020-04-02). "Poverty and the savage slot". Diaspora, Indigenous, and Minority Education. 14 (2): 70–74. doi:10.1080/15595692.2020.1734556. ISSN 1559-5692.
• Carney, Patricia (1992). "The Concept of Poverty". Public Health Nursing. 9 (2): 74–80. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1446.1992.tb00079.x. ISSN 0737-1209.
• Parker, Seymour; Kleiner, Robert J. (1970). "The Culture of Poverty: An Adjustive Dimension". American Anthropologist. 72 (3): 516–527. doi:10.1525/aa.1970.72.3.02a00020. ISSN 0002-7294.