User:CrowzRSA/Sandbox/Sandbox 2/Bong

History

The use of a water pipe for smoking was introduced in China during the late Ming Dynasty (16th century), along with tobacco, through Persia and the Silk Road. By the Qing Dynasty, it became the most popular method to smoke tobacco, but became less popular since the Republic era. While typically employed by commoners, the water pipe is known to have been preferred by Empress Dowager Cixi over Snuff bottles or other methods of intake. According to the Imperial Household Department, she was buried with at least three water pipes; some of her collections can be seen in the Palace Museum.

The water pipe employed since the Qing dynasty can be divided into two types: the homemade bamboo bong commonly made and used by country people, and a more elegant metal version employed by Chinese merchants, urbanites, and nobility. Metal utensils are typically made out of bronze or brass, the nobility version of silver and decorated with jewelries. Typically, the metal version is made out of the following components:

• The water pipe itself, a single-piece construct consisting of the bowl-stem, the water container, and a drawtube at least 12-inches in length bent to resemble a crane. The size of the bowl is analogous to a one-hitter, typically the width of a thumbnail or smaller.
• The tobacco container with a lid.
• A pipe rack small enough to be held by one hand, and consisting of two large holes for the tobacco container and the water pipe. It may have smaller holes to hold various pipe tools.

During a smoking session, the user may keep all equipment inside the rack and just hold the entire assembly (rack, pipe, and container) in one hand, lighting the bowl with a slow-burning paper wick (纸煤) lit over a coal stove. Unlike in North America, the water pipe is typically employed by older generations.

WANG Yun-for water from the pipe

The hookah, a single or multi-stemmed instrument for smoking in which the smoke is cooled by water, originated in ancient Persia and was introduced to Eastern Europe in the late sixteenth century and appeared in China by the Silk Road and popularized during the Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty.

Not only people to have the custom of smoking hookah, that is, the Qing Dynasty emperors and kings and ministers, like smoking hookah. Hi also addicted to hookah Empress Dowager Cixi, the Forbidden City Museum is also in possession of her relics used water pipe, according to volumes recorded in the Qing Imperial Household Department files, the Empress's tomb in the copper water pipe, silver and silver tide water pipe tobacco pouch. Water pipe smoking is not only a tool, has become smokers play with the toy. More exotic hookah interesting shape, production materials, and more and more rich, brass, copper-nickel alloy, there are tin, silver, wood products. Mainly composed of water pipe smoking pipe, straw, water containers fighting, tobacco warehouses, through needle in his hand and other parts. To smoke a pipe bowl, under which even a small tube, inserted into sink of water, this part is often placed on top, about 30 cm long straw generally, there are also longer. After the pipe is located, or parallel, or a little interval, upper back bend, easy to smoke, then into the sink bottom, but above the surface of the water in the sink. Pipe, straw, Pelton as a whole. Warehouses are mostly smoke barrel, above a covered, air-dried to prevent tobacco. Satisfy the major role from the connection, Pelton and smoke some positions which are inserted. Comparison of well water pipe, the production of very sophisticated, jewels, and burning enamel, gold and silver inlay, Inlay, carved lettering means to do so. Common patterns are flowers, birds, fish and insects, there are auspicious patterns, such as poetry together sentences. Smoking a feed gas, a taking, two upturned, the middle one water storage, fitted smoke, smoking, the smoke through the water storage areas, can filter out some of the impurities in the flue gas odor, but also issued a " Gululu ... ... Gululu "sound, like robins Fengming, Praising God sounds very sweet. Because hookah smoking as fashion, making the water pipe in the workshop and the artisans abound. In the past, people did not put the craftsmen of water pipe placed in the position of arts and crafts house look, so many famous sinking of sea smoke unknown craftsmen. Fragmented from the relevant information and to see that kind of water pipe, water pipe in the workshop production of artisan name in mind and are: water, Tobacco Factory, Lanzhou, Canton eighth elaborate lotus note, Guangdong New Park, eastern Chen Yao in mind, Hong Kong and Guangdong Sincere Company, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, Suzhou, yuan and old shop, on the ocean longxing Cheung, Zhang Yun from the ocean, the ocean Chen Yuan, the foreign Longsheng Cheung, on foreign sources Maoxiang, Wang Shuangcheng shop Liu Rongxing system, Han Hing Fat Road, Zhang Jia Sheng, on the Rongsheng Chang, the old double into and watch the East Li Runsheng, Chinese Town, Hankou, Hubei, Yeung Street, water towers, street, Centre Street, Yue Chen Yunlin in mind, Long Tai Yang Jiaxing, Hangzhou Province, Tiantai, Fujian Province, Lung, and Square , Shen Jiang Zhu Yongtai, Dah Sing ring for water companies, the next nine off Ruisheng Long, Xia Jia Wanxing city, Shanghai Feng Tiancheng, Chen hair, from the ocean WANG Yun, Dong Renxing, Zhu Quan Xing, Wang Yuncheng, Taole Xing, Xiang Ji, put hing, Fat Kee, Gu Xingxiang, longxing Cheung, Zhang Detai, Zhang Dexing, Yi Xing Xiang, Zhang Shunxing, Qiu Yong, Yang Jinsheng, Zhu longxing, Yao Pacific (Thailand), and, Zheng Boxing, Shen Fuxing, Lvyi Tai, Wing Tai source, Liu Xiangtai, Guxiang Tai, Yu Zhaokun, Zheng Bingxing, Guheng Xing, Wang Heng Xing, Wang Hongxing, Wang Hengli, Jia Yun, the new Street Zhouren Tai Zhao a large, cloud III-made day, heart, Tong Xuan, wishful Xiang, Yu III, Yu Lite, God Thai, Vincent's, constant Feng old shop, Yuan Long Beach ruling Article cloud left, excluding the number of strokes, etc., we can see how much water pipe production industry prosperity. Qing Fang Jun teachers working in the Cabinet and Prime Minister of States Affairs Offices, and his "little knowledge of physical" records: present Gongqing scholar, Yu Li of women under arrest, all were addicted to tobacco. Qian Long ago, still use wooden pipe system, bamboo, inlaid with copper absorption of Yanguo, it is called pipe down. Lanzhou, Gansu production after the hookah, the water in which copper, drain breathing, or still pipe down for hookah smoking. The hookah in the name of, another green bar, yellow bar, five springs, cotton smoke various projects. Calumet vary in size, the Western Paradise to get married is the most capital.

Typical users

According to the National Drug Law Enforcement Research Fund (NDLERF), numerous sources say that it is by far the preferred method among younger smokers in remote areas. According to B. O’Reilly in their book Indigenous Substance Use Patterns in Arnhem Land: A 1999 Survey of Aboriginal Communities, 63% of the cannabis smokers in Arnhem Land, Australia prefer bucket bongs as their method of cannabis consumption. Joints and blunts were prefered by 21% of smokers, 7% prefered a combination, 5% prefered a bong, and 4% prefered pipes. The NDLERF also insisted that bucket bongs are widely used to "binge^[B] on cannabis and the age of first-time use is falling, with children as young as 10 or 11 years old smoking the drug." Binge use is common, often through the widespread use of the bucket bong and other problematic methods of use. According to the NDLERF, the main concern is cannabis smokers, who "regularly smoke the equivalent of 20 'joints' in a single session and the many others who use the drug to intensify the effects of other substances, especially alcohol."

• B.^ A short period of excessive consumption, especially of excessive alcohol consumption.

Discovery

Lumír Hanuš, Saleh Abu-Lafi, Ester Fride, Aviva Breuer, Zvi Vogel, Deborah E. Shalev, Irina Kustanovich, and Raphael Mechoulam found the endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor in 2000. The discovery was 100g of Porcine brain, approximately a single brain, was added to a mixture of 200 mL of chloroform and 200 mL of methanol and mixed in a laboratory blender for 2 minutes. 100 mL of Water was then added, and the mixing process continued for another minute. After this, the mixture was filtered. Two layers then formed and the layer of water-methanol was separated and evaporated when pressure was reduced. Synaptosomal membranes were prepared from 250g of the brains of Sabra male rats. A Hewlett Packard G 1800B GCD system that has a HP-5971 GC with electron ionization detector was used.