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Spain
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The process of Europeanization changed during the years in Spain. In 1986 Spain entered in the European Community. Since then, Spain has been one of the most Europeanist countries. Therefore, when Spain became part of the European Community, the country had a strong pro-Europeanist feeling, according to Eurobarometer, as it reflected a 60% of the population [1][2]. In Spain different reasons explain its entrance to the European Community. On the one hand, Spain had the need to be recognized by Europe, as democracy has just been established after Francisco Franco dictatorship. On the other hand, the main objectives of Spain were to achieve economic development, but also a social modernization, which could only been achieved by entering the European Community[3].
In 2007, after the financial crisis reached Spain, the percentage of pro European persons started to fall. Thus, during the five years of the economic crisis since 2007/2008, the Eurobarometer[4] shows how the trust in the EU increasingly fall in Spain, and the confidence of the Spanish citizens in the European Union fall for more than 50 points. Spain became one of the most eurosceptic countries among all European Union State Members, as it happened in pretty much European countries, where nationalist and eurosceptic characterised parties became stronger[5][6].
The historical two-parties system, composed by the conservative Partido Popular and the democratic Partido Socialista Obrero Español, collapsed. In the 2000's, the moderate centre party Ciudadanos and leftist party Podemos became part of the political context, gaining electoral consensus, followed years later by far-right party Vox[7]. The new parties were the effect of the disaffection of most Spaniards towards politics and politicians, that increased for several reasons: firstly, corruption at all political levels, reaching the Royal Family too; secondly, recession intensified distrust of the population towards national government; thirdly, a phase of renovation of the autonomous regions which extended the distance between the national government and the regional ones[8].
Up to 2014 European elections, there are no Spanish parties present in the Eurosceptic groups at the European Parliament. In the 2019 Spanish general election, Vox became the first right-wing eurosceptic political party to win seats in the Congress of Deputies, obtaining 24 seats.
References
[edit]- ^ "Standard Eurobarometer 26". European Commission. November 1986.
- ^ "El legado de la crisis en el europeísmo en España". El Diario. 6 February 2019.
- ^ Mitchell, Kristine (2014). "Does European Identification Increase Support for Further Economic Integration?". Journal of European Integration. 36 (6): 602–618. doi:10.1080/07036337.2014.916286. S2CID 154597995.
- ^ "Standard Eurobarometer 68". European Comission. January 2008.
- ^ Rodon, Toni (2016). "Podemos and Ciudadanos Shake up the Spanish party System: The 2015 Local and Regional elections". South European Society & Politics. 21 (3): 339–358. doi:10.1080/13608746.2016.1151127. S2CID 156799574.
- ^ Bosch, Agusti (2019). "How does economic crisis impel emerging parties on the road to elections? The case of the Spanish Podemos and Ciudadanos". Party Politics. 25 (2): 257–268. doi:10.1177/1354068817710223. S2CID 149417027.
- ^ Vidal, Guillem (2018-03-04). "Challenging business as usual? The rise of new parties in Spain in times of crisis". West European Politics. 41 (2): 261–286. doi:10.1080/01402382.2017.1376272. ISSN 0140-2382. S2CID 158074616.
- ^ Bosco, Anna (2018). Le quattro crisi della Spagna. il Mulino. ISBN 9788815273925.