User:ComplexRational/Isotopes
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Main isotopes of elements
[edit]Being discussed at WT:ELEMENTS, January 2023
- Primordial (286): 251 stable + 35 long-lived
- Cosmogenic & some decay products
- Medically useful, radiotracer, industrial applications
- Nuclear fuel & fission products
- Verified extinct or otherwise geologically interesting
- (synthetic) 2–3 longest lived (if not covered by other criteria)
- (synthetic) Most commonly produced
- IAR: other interesting long-lived or historically studied nuclide
Will do slight reorganization and adjustments to criteria.
An isotope might meet several criteria, though each is only listed under one below. Potentially useful lists: [1] [2]
Did not include unconfirmed isotopes of SHEs.
All isomers labeled m are m1 unless otherwise indicated, as reflected in scientific publications.
- Isomers to be identified by massnumber id ⟨m1, m2, m3, m4⟩. Must correspond with NUBASE2020 ⟨m, n, p, q⟩ identifiers 1:1.
- ComplexRational please confirm that m-isotopes are m1-isotopes, by editing into such. (IOW, "m" is not acceptable as identification). -DePiep (talk) 08:06, 20 January 2023 (UTC)
Element | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | IAR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H | 1, 2 | 3 | ||||||
He | 3, 4 | |||||||
Li | 6, 7 | |||||||
Be | 9 | 7, 10 | 8[A] | |||||
B | 10, 11 | 8[B] | ||||||
C | 12, 13 | 14 | 11 | |||||
N | 14, 15 | 13 | ||||||
O | 16, 17, 18 | 15 | ||||||
F | 19 | 18 | ||||||
Ne | 20, 21, 22 | |||||||
Na | 23 | 22, 24 | ||||||
Mg | 24, 25, 26 | 28 | ||||||
Al | 27 | 26 | ||||||
Si | 28, 29, 30 | 32 | 31 | |||||
P | 31 | 32, 33 | 30[C] | |||||
S | 32, 33, 34, 36 | 35 | ||||||
Cl | 35, 37 | 36 | ||||||
Ar | 36, 38, 40 | 37, 39, 42 | ||||||
K | 39, 40, 41 | 38, 42 | ||||||
Ca | 40, 42, 43, 44, 46, 48 | 41 | 45, 47 | |||||
Sc | 45 | 44, 46 | ||||||
Ti | 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 | 44[D] | ||||||
V | 50, 51 | 49 | 48[B] | |||||
Cr | 50, 52, 53, 54 | 51 | 48[B] | |||||
Mn | 55 | 53, 54 | 51, 52,[D] 52m[D] | |||||
Fe | 54, 56, 57, 58 | 55 | 52[D] | 60 | ||||
Co | 59 | 57, 60 | 56,[B] 58[E] | |||||
Ni | 58, 60, 61, 62, 64 | 59 | 63 | 56, 57[B] | ||||
Cu | 63, 65 | 60, 61, 62, 64, 67 | ||||||
Zn | 64, 66, 67, 68, 70 | 62,[F] 65 | ||||||
Ga | 69, 71 | 67, 68 | ||||||
Ge | 70, 72, 73, 74, 76 | 68 | ||||||
As | 75 | 72, 73, 74, 76, 77[G] | ||||||
Se | 74, 76, 77, 78, 80, 82 | 72,[F] 75 | 79 | |||||
Br | 79, 81 | 75, 76, 77, 80m, 82 | ||||||
Kr | 78, 80, 82, 83, 84, 86 | 81 | 81m | 85 | ||||
Rb | 85, 87 | 81,[F] 82, 86 | ||||||
Sr | 84, 86, 87, 88 | 82,[F] 85, 89 | 90 | |||||
Y | 89 | 86, 90, 91 | 88[H] | |||||
Zr | 90, 91, 92, 94, 96 | 89, 95 | 93 | 88[I] | ||||
Nb | 93 | 93m, 94, 95 | 92 | 91[J] | ||||
Mo | 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100 | 99[F] | 93 | |||||
Tc | 99m | 99 | 97, 98 | |||||
Ru | 96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 104 | 103, 105, 106 | ||||||
Rh | 103 | 101 | 105, 106 | |||||
Pd | 102, 104, 105, 106, 108, 110 | 103, 109 | 107 | |||||
Ag | 107, 109 | 108m, 110m[K] | 111 | |||||
Cd | 106, 108, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116 |
109 | 113m | |||||
In | 113, 115 | 111, 113m, 114m | ||||||
Sn | 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 124 |
113, 117m | 121m, 126 | |||||
Sb | 121, 123 | 124, 125 | ||||||
Te | 120, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 128, 130 |
129m, 132 | ||||||
I | 127 | 129 | 123, 124, 125 | 131, 135 | ||||
Xe | 124, 126, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134, 136 |
127, 133 | 135 | |||||
Cs | 133 | 131 | 134, 135, 136, 137 | |||||
Ba | 130, 132, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138 | 133 | 137m, 140 | |||||
La | 138, 139 | 140 | 137[J] | |||||
Ce | 136, 138, 140, 142 | 139, 141, 144 | ||||||
Pr | 141 | 140, 142, 143 | ||||||
Nd | 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 150 | 147 | ||||||
Pm | 147, 149 | 145, 146 | ||||||
Sm | 144, 147, 148, 149, 150, 152, 154 | 153 | 151 | 146 | ||||
Eu | 151, 153 | 152[L] | 154, 155 | 150[H] | ||||
Gd | 152, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 160 | 148,[M] 153 | 150 | |||||
Tb | 159 | 149, 161 | 157, 158[H] | |||||
Dy | 156, 158, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164 | 165 | 154 | |||||
Ho | 165 | 166 | 163, 166m[N] | |||||
Er | 162, 164, 166, 167, 168, 170 | 165, 169, 171 | ||||||
Tm | 169 | 167, 170 | 171[H] | |||||
Yb | 168, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 176 | 169 | ||||||
Lu | 175, 176 | 172, 177, 177m[O] | 173, 174[H] | |||||
Hf | 174, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180 | 172, 178m2 | 182 | |||||
Ta | 180m, 181 | 178, 182, 183 | 179,[H] 180[P] | |||||
W | 180, 182, 183, 184, 186 | 188 | ||||||
Re | 185, 187 | 186, 188 | 186m[Q] | |||||
Os | 184, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 192 | 194[H] | ||||||
Ir | 191, 193 | 192, 192m2 | ||||||
Pt | 190, 192, 194, 195, 196, 198 | 195m | 193[H] | |||||
Au | 197 | 198, 199 | 195[H] | |||||
Hg | 196, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 204 | 206 | 197, 203 | 194[H] | ||||
Tl | 203, 205 | 206, 207, 208 | 201, 202, 204 | |||||
Pb | 204, 206, 207, 208 | 209, 210, 211, 212, 214 | 205 | 202[R] | ||||
Bi | 209 | 210, 211, 212, 214 | 207, 213 | 208,[H] 210m[Q] | ||||
Po | 210, 211, 212, 214, 215, 216, 218 | 208, 209 | ||||||
At | 219 | 211 | 209, 210 | |||||
Rn | 219, 220, 222 | 211[F] | ||||||
Fr | 221, 223 | 210, 211, 212 | 222[S] | |||||
Ra | 223, 224, 225, 226, 228 | |||||||
Ac | 227, 228 | 225, 226[T] | ||||||
Th | 232 | 228, 229, 230, 231, 234 | 233[U] | 229m[V] | ||||
Pa | 231, 234, 234m | 230[F] | 233[U] | |||||
U | 235, 238 | 234 | 230 | 232, 233, 236, 237,[W] 239[W] | ||||
Np | 237 | 238,[W] 239[W] | 236 | |||||
Pu | 238, 239 | 240, 241, 242 | 244 | |||||
Am | 241 | 242, 243 | 242m[Q] | |||||
Cm | 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 248 | 247 | 250[X] | |||||
Bk | 249 | 247, 248 | ||||||
Cf | 252 | 249, 250, 251, 253, 254 | ||||||
Es | 252 | 253, 254, 255 | ||||||
Fm | 253, 255, 257 | 252, 254, 256 | ||||||
Md | 258, 260 | 256 | ||||||
No | 259 | 255, 253 | ||||||
Lr | 261, 262, 264, 266 | 256, 260 | ||||||
Rf | 263, 265, 267 | 261, 261m | ||||||
Db | 267, 268, 270 | 262 | ||||||
Sg | 267, 269, 271 | 265, 265m | ||||||
Bh | 270, 274 | 267 | ||||||
Hs | 269, 270, 271 | |||||||
Mt | 274, 276, 278 | |||||||
Ds | 279, 281 | |||||||
Rg | 280, 281, 282 | |||||||
Cn | 283, 285 | |||||||
Nh | 284, 285, 286 | |||||||
Fl | 287, 288, 289 | |||||||
Mc | 288, 289, 290 | |||||||
Lv | 291, 292, 293 | |||||||
Ts[Y] | 293, 294 | |||||||
Og[Y] | 294 |
- ^ Extremely short-lived, but a key part of the triple alpha process
- ^ a b c d e Occurs in alpha process and supernovae
- ^ One of the first synthetic radioisotopes to be discovered
- ^ a b c d Also occurs in alpha process and supernovae
- ^ Listed as commonly used and included for continuity
- ^ a b c d e f g Medicinal radioisotope generator
- ^ 72As and 77As evaluated for medical use but not in widespread use; the other three have been used as tracers
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Most stable radioisotope(s)
- ^ Neutron poison
- ^ a b Relatively long-lived, relevant in the p-process
- ^ Long-lived isomers, some industrial interest
- ^ Gamma-ray spectroscopy
- ^ Potentially interesting for radioisotope thermoelectric generators
- ^ Longest-lived radioisotopes by several orders of magnitude; some interest discussed
- ^ The longer-lived excited state has some interest in generators (and as an impurity)
- ^ Short-lived ground state of primordial isomer
- ^ a b c Long-lived isomer
- ^ Also of some interest to geologists
- ^ Only other isotope with a half-life over 1 minute
- ^ 226Ac subject to preliminary evaluation but not in widespread use
- ^ a b Part of the thorium fuel cycle
- ^ Remarkably low-lying isomer
- ^ a b c d Intermediate step in production of plutonium
- ^ Also long-lived, but comparatively difficult to synthesize
- ^ a b All isotopes included (because ≤3 are known)
Beta-stable isotopes of superheavy elements
[edit]... | |||||||
257Fm (α) | 258Cf (SF) → 258Fm (SF) ← 258No (SF) | 259Md (SF) | 260Fm (SF) → 260No (SF) | 261Md (α) | 262Fm (SF) → 262No (SF) | 263No (α) | 264No (SF) ← 264Rf (SF) |
265No (SF) | 266No (SF) ← 266Rf (SF) | 267Lr (SF) | 268No (SF) → 268Rf (SF) | 269Rf (SF) | 270Rf (SF) ← 270Sg (SF) | 271Rf (SF) | 272Rf (SF) ← 272Sg (SF) |
273Db (SF) | 274Rf (SF) → 274Sg (SF) ← 274Hs (SF) | 275Sg (SF) | 276Rf (SF) → 276Sg (SF) ← 276Hs (SF) | 277Sg (SF) | 278Rf (SF) → 278Sg (SF) ← 278Hs (SF) | 279Bh (SF) | 280Sg (SF) → 280Hs (SF) |
281Hs (SF) | 282Sg (SF) → 282Hs (SF) ← 282Ds (SF) | 283Hs (SF) | 284Hs (SF) ← 284Ds (SF) | 285Mt (α) | 286Hs (SF) → 286Ds (SF) | 287Ds (α) | 288Hs (SF) → 288Ds (SF) ← 288Cn (α) |
289Ds (α) | 290Ds (α) ← 290Cn (α) | 291Rg (α) | 292Ds (α) → 292Cn (α) ← 292Fl (α) | 293Cn (α) | 294Ds (α) → 294Cn (α) ← 294Fl (α) | 295Nh (α) | 296Cn (α) → 296Fl (α) |
297Nh (α) | 298Fl (α) | 299Fl (α) | 300Fl (α) ← 300Lv (α) | 301Mc (α) | 302Fl (α) → 302Lv (α) ← 302Og (α) | 303Lv (α) | 304Fl (SF) → 304Lv (α) ← 304Og (α) |
305Lv (α) | 306Fl (SF) → 306Lv (SF) ← 306Og (α) | 307Ts (α) | 308Fl (SF) → 308Lv (SF) ← 308Og (SF) | 309Ts (SF) | 310Lv (SF) → 310Og (SF) | 311Og (SF) | 312Lv (SF) → 312Og (SF) |
313Og (SF) | 314Lv (SF) → 314Og (SF) ← 314120 (SF) | 315Og (SF) | 316Og (SF) ← 316120 (SF) | 317119 (SF) | 318Og (SF) → 318120 (SF) | 319120 (SF) | 320Og (SF) → 320120 (SF) ← 320122 (SF) |
321120 (SF) | 322120 (SF) ← 322122 (SF) | 323121 (SF) | 324120 (SF) → 324122 (SF) | 325122 (SF) | 326120 (SF) → 326122 (SF) | 327122 (SF) | 328122 (SF) ← 328124 (SF) |
329123 (SF) | 330122 (SF) → 330124 (SF) | 331124 (SF) | 332122 (SF) → 332124 (SF) | 333124 (SF) | 334124 (SF) | 335125 (SF) | 336124 (SF) → 336126 (SF) |
337126 (SF) | 338124 (SF) → 338126 (SF) ← 338128 (SF) | 339126 (SF) | 340124 (SF) → 340126 (SF) ← 340128 (SF) | 341127 (SF) | 342126 (SF) | 343126 (SF) | 344126 (SF) ← 344130 (SF) |
345127 (SF) | 346126 (SF) ← 346130 (SF) | 347126 (SF) → 347128 (SF) | 348127 (SF) ← 348130 (SF) | 349126 (SF) → 349128 (SF) | 350126 (SF) → 350128 (SF) ← 350130 (SF) | 351127 (SF) | 352126 → 352128 (SF) ← 352130 (SF) ← 352132 (SF) |
353128 (SF) | 354126 → 354128 (SF) ← 354130 (SF) ← 354132 (SF) | 355129 (SF) | 356128 → 356130 (SF) ← 356132 (SF) | 357130 (SF) | 358130 (SF) ← 358132 (SF) | 359131 (SF) | 360130 (SF) → 360132 (SF) |
361132 (SF) | 362130 (SF) → 362132 (SF) ← 362134 (SF) | 363133 (SF) | 364132 (SF) → 364134 (SF) ← 364136 (SF) | 365134 (SF) | 366132 (SF) → 366134 (SF) ← 366136 (SF) | 367134 (SF) | 368132 (SF) → 368134 (SF) |
369135 (SF) | 370134 (SF) → 370136 (SF) ← 370138 (SF) | 371136 (SF) | 372134 (SF) → 372136 (SF) | 373136 (SF) | 374134 (SF) → 374136 (SF) | 375136 (SF) | 376136 (SF) ← 376138 (SF) ← 376140 (SF) |
377137 (SF) | 378136 → 378138 (SF) | 379138 | 380136 → 380138 ← 380140 (SF) | 381138 | 382138 ← 382140 | 383139 | 384138 → 384140 |
385140 | 386138, 386140 | 387140 | 388138, 388140 | 389141 | 390140, 390142 | 391142 | 392140, 392142, 392145 |
393142, 393145 | 394140, 394142, 392146 | 395143, 395145 | 396142, 396146 | 397145 | 398142, 398144, 398146, 398148 | 399144, 399147 | 400144, 400146 |
401146, 401148 | 402146, 402148 | 403147 | 404148 | ... | |||
... | 412146, 412148 ? | 414146, 414148 ? | 415148 | 416146, 416148 ? | |||
417149 | 418148, 418150 ? | 419150 | 420148, 420150 | 421150 | 422148, 422150, 422152 | 423151 | 424150 (α), 424152 |
425152 | 426150 (α), 426152, 426154 | 427152 | 428150 (α), 428152 (α), 428154 | 429152 (α) | 430150 (α), 430152 (α), 430154 | 431153 (α) | 432152 (α), 432154 (α) |
433154 (α) | 434152 (α), 434154 (α), 434156 | 435154 (α) | 436152 (α), 436154 (α), 436156 | 437155 (α) | 438154 (α), 438156 (α) | 439156 (α) | 440154 (α), 440156 (α), 440158 |
441156 (α) | 442154 (α), 442156 (α), 442158 | 443156 (α) | 444156 (α), 444158 | 445156 (α) | 446156 (α), 446158, 446160 (SF) | 447158 (α) | 448156 (α), 448158 (α), 448160 |
449158 (α) | 450156 (α), 450158 (α), 450160 | 451158 (α) | 452158 (α), 452160 (α), 452162 (SF) | 453158 (α) | 454158 (α), 454160 (α), 454162 | 455160 (α) | 456158 (α), 456160 (α), 456162 |
457160 (α) | 458160 (α), 458162 (α) | 459160 (α) | 460160 (α), 460162 (α) | 461161 (α) | 462160 (α), 462162 (α), 462164 | 463161 (α) | 464160 (α), 464162 (α), 464164 (α) |
465162 (α) | 466160 (α), 466162 (α), 466164 (α) | 467162 (α) | 468162 (α), 468164 (α) | 469163 (α) | 470162 (α), 470164 (α) | 471164 (α) | 472164 (α), 472166 (α) |
473165 (α) | 474164 (α), 474166 (α) | 475166 | 476164 (α), 476166, 476168 | 477166 (SF) | 478166 (SF), 478168 (SF), 478170 (SF) | 479168 (SF) | 480166 (SF), 480168 (SF), 480170 (SF) |
481168 (SF) | 482166 (SF), 482168 (SF), 482170 (SF) | 483168 (SF) | 484168 (SF) | 486172 (SF) | ... | ||
... | 504172 ?, 504174 ? | ||||||
506174 ? | ... |
Isotopes of all elements (incomplete)
[edit]Isotope | Z | N | Mass [3] | Half-life[4][a] | Decay modes[4][a][b] | Decay products[c] | Spin[4][a][d] | Notes[4][e] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1n | 0 | 1 | 613.9(0.6) s | β- | 1 H |
1/2+ | ||
1 H |
1 | 0 | Stable | 1/2+ | 0.999885(70) | |||
2 H |
1 | 1 | Stable | 1+ | 0.000115(70) | |||
3 H |
1 | 2 | 12.32(0.02) y | β- | 3 He |
1/2+ | ||
3 He |
2 | 1 | Stable | 1/2+ | 0.00000134(3) | |||
3 Li |
3 | 0 | p | 2 He |
||||
4 H |
1 | 3 | 139(10) ys | n | 3 H |
2- | ||
4 He |
2 | 2 | Stable | 0+ | 0.99999866(3) | |||
4 Li |
3 | 1 | 91(9) ys | p | 3 He |
2- | ||
5 H |
1 | 4 | > 910 ys | 2n | 3 H |
(1/2+) | ||
5 He |
2 | 3 | 700(30) ys | n | 4 He |
3/2- | ||
5 Li |
3 | 2 | 370(30) ys | p | 4 He |
3/2- | ||
6 H |
1 | 5 | 290(70) ys | 3n | 3 H |
2-# | ||
6 He |
2 | 4 | 806.92(0.24) ms | β- | 6 Li |
0+ | ||
6 Li |
3 | 3 | Stable | 1+ | 0.0759(4) | |||
6 Be |
4 | 2 | 5.0(0.3) zs | 2p | 4 He |
0+ | ||
7 H |
1 | 6 | 500# ys | 2n | 5 H |
1/2+# | ||
7 He |
2 | 5 | 2.51(0.07) zs | n | 6 He |
(3/2-) | ||
7 Li |
3 | 4 | Stable | 3/2- | 0.9241(4) | |||
7 Be |
4 | 3 | 53.22(0.06) d | EC | 7 Li |
3/2- | ||
7 B |
5 | 2 | 570(14) ys | p | 6 Be |
(3/2-) |
Nuclear isomers
[edit]Isotope | Z | N | Excitation Energy (keV)[4] | Half-life[4][a] | Decay modes[4][a][b] | Decay products[c] | Spin[4][a][d] | Notes[4] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6m Li |
3 | 3 | 3562.88(0.10) | 56(14) as | IT | 6 Li |
Notes
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f #: Values not derived entirely from experimental data
- ^ a b α: Alpha decay
β+: Positron emission
EC: Electron capture
β-: Beta decay
SF: Spontaneous fission
p: Proton emission
n: Neutron emission
IT: Isomeric transition
- ^ a b Bold: stable
Bold-italic: nearly stable - ^ a b Parenthesized values are uncertain
- ^ Decimals indicate natural abundance
References
[edit]- ^ Koura, H. (2011). Decay modes and a limit of existence of nuclei in the superheavy mass region (PDF). 4th International Conference on the Chemistry and Physics of the Transactinide Elements. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
- ^ Koura, H.; Katakura, J; Tachibana, T; Minato, F (2015). "Chart of the Nuclides". Japan Atomic Energy Agency. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
- ^ Wang, M.; Audi, G.; Kondev, F.G.; Huang, W.J.; Naimi, S.; Xu, X. (2017). "The AME2016 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs, and references" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 41 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030003.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.