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Crested Capuchin Article

Current sections:

Distribution and habitat:

• Also live in semi-deciduous dry forests in the western part of their range (IUCN)
• Current range has been restricted in Bahia, eastern Minas Gerais, south of Rio Jequitinhonha and north of Rio Doce to deforestation. Some habitats are now protected areas. (IUCN; Hill)

Ecology:

• Also may eat frogs or even small mammals, and are primarily foragers known for manipulating their food objects to get what they desire. (IUCN)
• While no crested capuchins have been recorded using tools, it is very possible that they do. Other species of robust capuchins such as Sapajus nigritus have been documented using stones to open food items such as fruits with hard shells or oysters. Given the similarities between the two species and their ranges, crested capuchins may also use tools in this way. (IUCN; Complete capuchin)
• No observations have been done specifically on the crested capuchin, but they likely [text from article]. Males ranked lower than the dominant male may also be a part of capuchin groups, but they often remain on the peripheral of the group. (IUCN; complete capuchin)

Conservation:

• Crested capuchins were first classified as vulnerable in 1995 by the IUCN Red List and became classified as endangered in 2008. The major threats to their species are [text from article]. (IUCN)

Sections to add:

Taxonomy and phylogeny: When the crested capuchin was discovered, it was formally classified as Cebus apella robustus and considered a subspecies of the tufted capuchin. In 2001, Groves proposed that the crested capuchin was a subspecies of the black capuchin and should be moved to Cebus nigritus robustus. (Amaral...). In 2012, it was proposed that the crested capuchin is a separate species from the black capuchin (Lynch) as well as tufted capuchins being in the genus Sapajus instead of Cebus, and therefore the crested capuchin should be classified as Sapajus robustus. However, Cebus nigritus robustus may still be used to refer to the crested capuchin (Amaral).

Characteristics: The crested capuchin, unlike other species of capuchins, has a conical crest on the crown which is bright red with a black spot. This cone may also continue around the sides of the head to create a black beard. The rest of the fur may be brownish red or yellowish brown. The forearms, lower legs, and tail of the crested capuchin are all black, although these areas may be a mix of black and light yellow fur in females. Females also may have two lateral tufts on their crown that the males do not have. (Hill; Forbes) Crested capuchins have a head-body length of 33 cm to 57 cm (13 to 22 in) and a tail length of 40 to 47 cm (16 to 19 in). The males are generally larger than the females of the species. (Hill; Forbes)

Sources

Taxonomy, Distribution, Evolution, and Historical Biogeography of South American Primates. (2009). In P. Garber, A. Estrada, J. Bicca-Marques, E. Heymann, & K. Strier (Eds.), South American Primates: Comparative Perspectives In The Study of Behaviour, Econogy, and Conservation. Developments In Primatology: Progress and Prospects. New York, New York: Springer Science Business Media.

I know this is a high-quality scholarly source because it is a peer-reviewed book that has been by five different scholars from around the world. This is an independent source because the authors and editors of this book have no vested interest in this topic. They site a wide variety of papers from different authors in the field and there is no conflict of interest for any of the contributors to alter the perception of this information. This book is written to promote information on its field, and therefore can be considered independent because a majority of the information comes from other papers and there is no reason for this information to be altered by the authors or editors. This is also a reliable source because it is a peer-reviewed book that has been gone over by many different individuals in the field. It has little original work, and draws mainly from journal articles, so it is not a primary source either. This book provides information on both when the crested capuchin was first discovered and its history of classification, as its classification has changed from a subspecies to a separate species of its own. The source does not have much of a point of view, and there is no conflict of interest, but does take the stance that the crested capuchin is not a subspecies of the black capuchin, but a species of its own. To account for this, I have gone through other works by different authors in the same field to understand these classifications and other points of view of this topic.

Kierulff, M.C.M., Mendes, S.L. & Rylands, A.B. 2015. Sapajus robustus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T42697A70614762. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-1.RLTS.T42697A70614762.en . Downloaded on 20 October 2015.

This is a high-quality scholarly source because the IUCN is a a database widely accepted in the scholarly community as a reliable source, and all of its articles are peer-reviewed. It is an independent source because the creators of this website, and this particular page, have no conflicts of interest when publishing this information or finding it. This source supplies a great deal of information about the crested capuchin's habitat, classification process, and threats and conservation efforts surrounding the species. The IUCN, although it presents itself as very factual and there is no conflict of interest over its content, is also a species of endangered animals that promotes conservation work. Therefore, its point of view may be biased about threats or the conservation of the crested capuchin. I will account for this by acknowledging this point of view when I am writing this article, as well as fact-checking any information I can with other credible sources.

Fragaszy, D., Visalberghi, E., & Fedigan, L. (2004). The Complete Capuchin: The Biology of the Genus Cebus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

This source is a high-quality source because it is a secondary source that synthesizes research done on capuchins, most of which are peer-reviewed, and therefore it can be considered reliable. It also is an independent source because their is no potential for the authors to gain anything from the publication. This source helps to verify, as well as add some new details, about the crested capuchin's habitat and also verifies the different threats that the crested capuchin faces. There doesn't seem to be a point of view for this source.

Amaral, P., Finotelo, L., Oliveira, E., Pissinatti, A., Nagamachi, C., & Pieczarka, J. (2008). Phylogenetic studies of the genus Cebus (Cebidae-Primates) using chromosome painting and G-banding. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 8.

This source is a research paper that has been published in a reliable, peer-reviewed journal. However, while it is in a reliable journal, it is also primary source. Therefore, the authors may have a point of view because they are discussing their own research. To account for this, I am drawing information only from the introduction of this paper. Therefore, the research I am using was not done by these scientists and the point of view should have less effect, although I will still be mindful of this. I will use this source to verify and expand upon the debate around the classification of the crested capuchin and if it is a subspecies or a separate species.

Forbes, H. (n.d.). A Hand-Book to the Primates (p. 212) (R. Bowdler Sharpe, Ed.). London: Library of Alexandria.

This source is a collection of different materials covering primates. Most of these sources are peer-reviewed, and the fact that the author compiled most of this information instead of doing it himself indicates that this can be considered a reliable and independent source. This source supplies additional information about the appearance of the crested capuchin and where it lives. Since this source only covers the appearance of these monkeys and their habitat, there is little to no point of view to account for.

Wright, K., Wright, B., Ford, S., Fragaszy, D., Izar, P., Norconk, M., . . . Alfaro, J. (2014). The effects of ecology and evolutionary history on robust capuchin morphological diversity. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 82 Part B, 455-466. doi:January 2015

This source is a research paper that has been published in a peer-reviewed journal that is generally accepted to be reliable by the scholarly community. However, it is also a primary source, and therefore the author's point of view may affect this source. To account for this, and to ensure that this source is a high-quality one, I am using this paper partially to verify and support findings in other sources, such as the habitat and the classification of the crested capuchin. However, I will also use the findings in this paper to supply new evidence about the classification of the crested capuchin and its identity as a separate species. Since this source's point of view may be biased towards expanding the results found or obtaining new results, I will discuss all evidence in the Wikipedia article for how the crested capuchin should be classified. However, since the evidence I am using from this paper comes straight from phylogeny created and not the paper's interpretation of this phylogeny, there should be less effect from this paper's point of view.

Hill, W. (1960). Cebus Apella. In Primates: Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy. (Vol. IV: Cebidae Part A, pp. 483-485). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

This source is part of a collection of books on primates. It is not a primary source, but instead is a secondary source that brings facts about different species of primates. This book is also considered to be reliable, making it a reliable and independent source. There is no real point of view in this book, however, it is from 1960, so I will be mindful that some of the information, such as the classification of the crested capuchin, may have changed due to new information becoming available. I will use the information in this book to add more specific details about the appearance of the crested capuchin and its habitat, as well as to verify information on these things from other sources.

Note: this source was added on 10/24 because I was not previously aware of this source and the information it contained until today.

Sources Feedback

Great sources and detailed annotations. KatieBU (talk) 18:57, 25 October 2015 (UTC)