User:CitrusHemlock/Kokand Uprising
| Kokand Uprising | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of The Russian conquest of Central Asia | |||||||||
 | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Khudayar Khan loyalists  Russian Empire |
Pulat Khan loyalists | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Muhammad Khudayar Khan Nasruddin Khan Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufmann Mikhail Skobelev Alexander Pavlovich Khoroshkhin † |
Pulat Khan  Abd al-Rahman Aftabachi Muhammad Amin Bek | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| c. 60,000 – 70,000 rebels | |||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| Several thousand | |||||||||
The Kokand Uprising,[a] also known as the Pulat Khan Rebellion[b] was Kyrgyz uprising against the Kokand Khanate and Russian Empire
Background
[edit]During the mid-1800s, the Russian Empire invaded and occupied much of Central Asia. In 1865, the Russian Empire occupied the major Kokand city Tashkent, and soon after annexed the region. In January 1868, Governor-General of Russian Turkestan Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufman forced the Khan of Kokand, Khudayar Khan to accept a treaty allowing Russian merchants extra permissions to reside in and travel in Kokand. This effectively reduced Kokand to a vassal of the Russian Empire.[1] Kokand was extremely unstable
Pulat Khan,[c] born Iskhak Khasan-uulu,[d]
Uprising
[edit]Overthrowing of Khudayar Khan
[edit]By 1875, Khudayar Khan had drastically increased taxes to fund the army, increasing resentment against him. Specifically, he imposed an inheritance tax, which was widely criticized by the ulama for going against fiqh.[2] Tensions were also possibly inflamed when a Russian delegation arrived in Kokand on July 13, with rumors spreading that since the Russians supported Khudayar Khan, they were responsible for the countries financial problems.[2] By mid-July, Abd al-Rahman Aftabachi and 4,000 soldiers under him defected to the rebels, possibly due to anti-Russian sentiments, but more likely because Khudayar Khan killed his father.[3]
Russians would begin to believe that the rebellion was not directed at Khudayar Khan, but was rather a religious uprising against Russia.[2] Khudayar Khan, realizing that this belief would increase the likelihood of Russian support, claimed that the rebellion was a "jihad against the Russians", and promoted the idea.[4]
Only a few days after Aftabachi's defection, Khudayar Khan's authority collapsed. By the night of July 21–22, half of the Kokand garrison defected to rebel forces led by Khudayar's son Muhammad Amin Bek. The next morning, a force of 22 Cossacks the city under the command of Mikhail Skobelev would enter the palace and help Khudayar escape.[5] He fled into Russia with his family, entourage, and Skobelev's detachment, arriving in Khujand on July 24.[6]
Ascension of Nasruddin Khan
[edit]By July 25, Khudayar's son Nasruddin Khan had been proclaimed Khan by rebel forces.[6] Khudayar would move from Khujand to Tashkent at Nasruddin's request to stabilize negotiations, though this was a tacit acknowledgement that Khudayar would not return to Kokand.[7] On August 4, von Kaufman offered full recognition of Nasruddin's legitimacy if he followed the 1868 protectorate treaty and compensated Russian losses during the rebellion.[7]
Russian Intervention
[edit]Aftermath
[edit]Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Levi 2017, p. 196, 200.
- ^ a b c Morrison 2021, p. 382.
- ^ Morrison 2021, p. 384.
- ^ Morrison 2021, p. 382, 384.
- ^ Morrison 2021, p. 383, 385.
- ^ a b Morrison 2021, p. 385.
- ^ a b Morrison 2021, p. 386.
Citations
[edit]- Abaza, Konstantin Konstantinovich (1902). Завоевание Туркестана [Conquest of Turkestan] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Publishing House of Mikhail Stasyulevich.
- Terentyev, Mikhail Afrikanovich (1906). Историю завоевания Средней Азии [The history of the conquest of Central Asia] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
- Pierce, Richard (1960). Russian Central Asia 1867-1917: A Study in Colonial Rule. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-52031-774-1.
- Hopkirk, Peter (1994). The Great Game: the struggle for empire in central Asia. New York: Kodansha. ISBN 978-1-56836-022-5.
- Allworth, Edward (1999). Central Asia, 130 years of Russian dominance: a historical overview. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-1521-6.
- Adle, Chahryar; Habib, Irfan; Baipakov, Karl (2008). Development in Contrast From the Sixteenth to the Mid-Nineteenth Century. Vol. V. History of Civilization in Central Asia: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-8-12082-046-3.
- Ploskikh, Vladimir (2014). Киргизы и Кокандское Ханство [The Kyrgyz people and the Kokand Khanate] (in Russian). Bishkek: Neo Print. ISBN 978-9967-19-187-7.
- Levi, Scott Cameron (2017). The rise and fall of Khoqand, 1709-1876: Central Asia in the global age. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 978-0-8229-6506-0.
- Morrison, Alexander (2021). The Russian conquest of Central Asia: a study in imperial expansion, 1814-1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03030-5.