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| Candida parapsilosis | |
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| Species: | C. parapsilosis
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| Binomial name | |
| Candida parapsilosis Langeron & Talice(1932)
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Candida parapsilosis is a fungal species of yeast that has become a significant cause of sepsis and of wound and tissue infections in immunocompromised people. Unlike Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis is not an obligate human pathogen, having been isolated from nonhuman sources such as domestic animals, insects or soil.[1] Candida parapsilosis is also a normal human commensal and it is one of the fungi most frequently isolated fungi from the human hands.Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page). There are several risk factors that can contribute to C. parapsilosis colonization. Immunocompromised individuals and surgical patients, particularly those having surgery of the gastrointestinal tract are at high risk for infection with C. parapsilosis.Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page). There is currently no consensus on the treatment of invasive candidiasis caused by C. parapsilosis, although the therapeutic approach typically includes the removal of foreign bodies such as implanted prostheses and the administration of systemic antifungal therapy. Amphotericin B and Fluconazole are often used in the treatment of C. parapsilosis infection.Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page).
History and taxonomy
[edit]Candida parapsilosis was discovered in Puerto Rico in 1928 by Ashford from a diarrheal stool. It was first named Monilia parapilosis and considered nonpathogenic.[1] It was later encountered as a causative agent of sepsis in a intravenous drug user in 1940.[1] It is now considered an important, emerging nosocomial pathogen.[2] Candida parapsilosis is the most common non-C. albicans species of Candida[3] and the second most common pathogen in superficial candidiasis after C. albicans.[4]
Biology
[edit]C. parapsilosis does not form true hyphae, it exists as either yeast phase or pseudohyphal form [1]. It is white, creamy, and shiny in dextrose agar and its cell has shape in oval, round, or cylindrical.[1] When C. parapsilosis is yeast form, its phenotype is smooth or cratered. In contrast, the phenotype of pseudohyphae form is wrinkled or concentric.[1] Recently found the formation of pseudohyphae is another significant factor that changes the morphology and phenotype of colonies which is related to citrulline.Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page). C. parapsilosis is encountered more frequently in nature than other species Candida likely because it is one of the few species of the genus not restricted to humans.[1] C. parasilosis does not need prior colonization and usually transmitted by external sources.[1] Invasive infection happened very commonly in the low-birth weight newborn babies in the United State, and bloodstream infection found in North America.[1] It is most commonly isolated from human skin[2] and is most frequently encountered in Asia and Latin America.[4] C. parapsilosis is considered a killer yeast and fungal antagonist based on its ability to produce chemicals that exert cytotoxic effects on the cells of other organisms.[5]
Disease
[edit]Endocarditis can be caused by C. parapsilosis when patients using prosthetic valves (57.4%), intravenous drug (20%), or having intravenous parenteral nutrition (6.9%), abdominal surgery (6.9%), immunosuppression (6.4%), treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics (5.6%), and previous valvular disease (4.8%). Although the mortality rate is 41.7% to 61%, the treatment is still unknown.[1] Ocular infection caused by C. parapsilosis has been reported after cataract extraction and with corticosteroid eye drop use.[1] C. parapsilosis infection of the skin and gastrointestinal tract[1] can occur, in which the production of pseudohyphae is associated with the elicitation of an inflammatory response.[3] One study of onychomycosis reported C. parapsilosis as the most common Candida species isolated.[6]
Adhesion capacity and biofilm are important for C. parapsilosis, because C. parapilosis infection mostly due to the use of in-dwelling devices.[7] Adhesion capacity is the ability of fungus to adhere to other organisms' cell or tissue, especially mucosal surface,[1] which is required for initial colonization.[8] C. parapsilosis is associated with thin, unstructured biofilms that consist of aggregated blastospores whose membranes contain more carbohydrate than protein.[8] The existence of the fungus in a biofilm constibutes to its ability to resist antifungal treatment.[1][7] Thus, adhesion to abiotic and biotic surfaces is often a precursor to infection[9] The risk of C. parapsilosis infection is increased in the setting of implanted medical devices, prostheses, and therapy with hyperalimentation solutions.[1] As well, low-birth weight infants and health worker are at higher of infection by this species.[1]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Candida parapsilosis, an Emerging Fungal Pathogen". Clin Microbiol Rev. 21 (4): 606-025. 2008. doi:10.1128/CMR.00013-08.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ a b "Characterization of Candida parapsilosis complex isolates". Clin Microbiol Infect (17): 418-424. 2010. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03302.x.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ a b "Specific pathways mediating inflammasome activation by Candida parapsilosis". Scientific Reports. 2017. doi:10.1038/srep43129.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ a b "Prevalence and Distribution Profiles of Candida parapsilosis, Candida orthopsilosis and Candida metapsilosis Responsible for Superficial Candidiasis in a Chinese University Hospital". Mycopathologia. 173 (4): 229-234. 2012. doi:10.1007/s11046-011-9496-5.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ "Killer behavior within the Candida parapsilosis complex". Folia Microbiologica. 59 (6): 503-506. 2014. doi:10.1007/s12223-014-0327-1.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ "Treatment of Candida nail infection with terbinafine". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 35 (6): 958–61. 1996. doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(96)90120-6. PMID 8959955.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ a b "Candida parapsilosis Characterization in an Outbreak Setting". Emerg Infect Dis. 10 (6): 1074-1081. 2004. doi:10.3201/eid1006.030873.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ a b "Candida glabrata,Candida parapsilosis andCandida tropicalis: biology, epidemiology, pathogenicityand antifungal resistance". Federation of European Microbiological Societies (36): 288-305. 2012. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00278.x.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ "Comparison of Candida parapsilosis, Candida orthopsilosis, and Candida metapsilosis adhesive properties and pathogenicity". International Journal of Medical Microbiology. 303 (2): 98-103. 2013. doi:10.1016/j.ijmm.2012.12.006.
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