User:Carrie Lewton/final article
These are my recommendations for revising the article: Environmental racism.
Copied content from Environmental racism, see that page's history for attribution.
Oceania
[edit]Micronesia
[edit]Beginning in 1946, the United States military used the island of Enewetak Atoll as a nuclear test site. Residents were forced to relocate; however other islands within the Marshall Islands of Micronesia experienced serious health issues as a result of the nuclear tests as well. The United States government has yet to release the fallout patterns of the nuclear devices tested, therefore the exact areas that have been contaminated by the fallout are unclear[1]. At the time of the nuclear testing, the Marshall Islands were part of a trusteeship with the United States government. However, the United States government refused to pursue any legal cases made against them by the Marshallese people. One specific case brought to court by the people of the Marshall Islands with the help of activists from the Untied States in 1958 was ultimately dismissed by the Court of Appeals for the District of Colombia. The case was dismissed as court officials claimed that non-resident, "aliens", were not able to appeal American laws[2]. This resulted in protests throughout Micronesia and the Marshall islands in attempt not only to create an environment free of nuclear testing, but also to gain independence from the United States[3].
Australia
[edit]The Australian Environmental Justice (AEJ) is a multidisciplinary organization which is closely partnered with Friends of the Earth Australia (FoEA). The AEJ focuses on recording and remedying the effects of environmental injustice throughout Australia. The AEJ has addressed issues which include "production and spread of toxic wastes, pollution of water, soil and air, erosion and ecological damage of landscapes, water systems, plants and animals".[4] The project looks for environmental injustices that disproportionately affect a group of people or impact them in a way they did not agree to.
The Western Oil Refinery started operating in Bellevue, Western Australia in 1954. It was permitted rights to operate in Bellevue by the Australian government in order to refine cheap and localized oil. In the decades following, many residents of Bellevue claimed they felt respiratory burning due to the inhalation of toxic chemicals and nauseating fumes. Lee Bell from Curtin University and Mariann Lloyd-Smith from the National Toxic Network in Australia stated in their article, "Toxic Disputes and the Rise of Environmental Justice in Australia" that "residents living close to the site discovered chemical contamination in the ground- water surfacing in their back yards".[5] Under immense civilian pressure, the Western Oil Refinery (now named Omex) stopped refining oil in 1979. Years later, citizens of Bellevue formed the Bellevue Action Group (BAG) and called for the government to give aid towards the remediation of the site. The government agreed and $6.9 million was allocated to clean up the site. Remediation of site began in April 2000.
- ^ Yamada, Seiji; Akiyama, Matthew (2013-01-27). ""For the good of mankind": The legacy of nuclear testing in Micronesia". Social Medicine. 8 (2): 83–92. ISSN 1557-7112.
- ^ Mitchell, M. X. (2017-04-01). "Offshoring American Environmental Law: Land, Culture, and Marshall Islanders' Struggles for Self-Determination During the 1970s". Environmental History. 22 (2): 209–234. doi:10.1093/envhis/emw101. ISSN 1084-5453.
- ^ Kirk, Gwyn (1997). "Ecofeminism and Environmental Justice: Bridges across Gender, Race, and Class". Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies. 18 (2): 2–20. doi:10.2307/3346962. ISSN 0160-9009.
- ^ "Australian Environmental Justice project". Friends of The Earth Australia. Retrieved February 17, 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Mariann Lloyd-Smith, Lee Bell (January 2003). Toxic Disputes and the Rise of Environmental Justice in Australia. International journal of occupational and environmental health. p. 16.