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Global Health

Definition

Global health emphasizes on a global perspective in public health. It is described as

...an area that encompasses research, practice and study while placing a priority on improving health and achieving equity for people worldwide.

Global health focuses on determinants and distribution of health in international contexts from several perspectives including medicine (describes the pathology of diseases and promotes prevention, diagnosis, and treatment), public health (emphasizes the health of populations), epidemiology (helps identify risk factors and causes of health problems), demography (provides data for policy decisions), and economics (emphasizes the cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit approaches for the optimal allocation of health resources). Other social sciences such as sociology, development studies, anthropology, cultural studies and law can also help understand the determinants of health in societies.

History

In the 19th century, major discoveries were made in medicine and public health that further influenced the field of global health. The Broad Street cholera outbreak of 1854 was central to the development of modern epidemiology. The microorganisms responsible for malaria and tuberculosis were identified in 1880 and 1882, respectively. The development of preventive and curative treatments for many diseases, including the BCG vaccine and penicillin occured in the 20th century, primarily the 1920s. The eradication of smallpox, with the last naturally occurring case recorded in 1977, raised hope that other diseases could be eradicated as well.

After WWII important steps were taken towards global cooperation in health with the formation of the United Nations (UN) and the World Bank Group in 1945. In 1948, the member states of the newly formed United Nations gathered together to create the World Health Organization (WHO). A cholera epidemic that took 20,000 lives in Egypt in 1947 and 1948 helped spur the international community to action. In 1977, the concept of essential medicines was published by WHO and also mentioned in the 1978 Alma Ata declaration which underlined the importance of primary health care.

At a United Nations Summit in 2000, member nations declared eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) reflecting major challenges facing human development globally, to be achieved by 2015. Three of the eight MDGs focus on health, while others address various social conditions. Across all goals, there are 18 targets, supported by 48 health indicators. The declaration has been matched by unprecedented global investment by donor and recipient countries. The UN report released on July 2, 2012 reveals that several MDG targets have been met ahead of the 2015 timeline. Progress has been achieved on others while some are lagging.

Damon Salvatore

Damon Salvatore (born June 28, 1839) is a fictional character in The Vampire Diaries series of novels. He is portrayed by Ian Somerhalder in the television series. Initially, Damon has negative qualities in the series. After the first few episodes go on, Damon begins working alongside his younger brother, Stefan Salvatore, and his girlfriend, Elena Gilbert, to resist greater threats and gradually Elena begins to consider him a friend. In 1864, Damon is turned into a vampire after being shot by his father with Katherine Pierce's blood in his system. His transitioning is completed after his younger brother Stefan, who is now also a vampire, convinces him to kill a woman. Damon, angry that Stefan forced him to complete his transition to a vampire, vows to make his brother's life miserable - thus further causing a century-long rift between the brothers.

Television series

Background

Damon Salvatore is a vampire, turned by Katherine Pierce one hundred and forty-nine years prior to the series' debut. He is the son of late Giuseppe Salvatore and the older brother of Stefan Salvatore. He is portrayed as a charming, handsome and snarky person who loves tricking humans, and takes pleasure in feeding on them and killing them during the early episodes of the first season.

The Vampire Diaries has been running on for four seasons now and the fifth season is running on television right now.

Relationships

When Damon first entered the show, he had a relationship with Caroline Forbes. He had used her for blood, while she received attention from him. Damon, a self-proclaimed loner, often keeps to himself. Despite his initially antagonistic relationships with humans such as Alaric Saltzman and Sheriff Elizabeth Forbes, Damon gradually integrated himself into the lives of many people in Mystic Falls; by developing friendships with several humans. After spending time with Elena, Damon becomes more empathetic and falls deeply, madly and passionately in love with Elena Gilbert. He always puts her safety first before anyone else, even his.

Somerhalder with his Vampire Diaries co-stars Paul Wesley (Stefan) and Nina Dobrev (Elena) at the 2012 San Diego Comic-Con International.

Damon's most prominent love, aside from Elena would have to have been Rose. He met her while searching for Klaus and hooked up with her shortly after. Unfortunately Damon ticked off Jules, a werewolf and she showed up on a full moon for revenge. Jules, instead of biting Damon, bit Rose instead as she got involved. Damon gave Rose a dream where she was peaceful and got her over the fear of death. He then put her to rest.

Damon has had a challenging relationship with his younger brother Stefan Salvatore for over a century. Before they became vampires, they both loved the vampire Katherine Pierce. Damon shows that he has nurtured a long-standing desire to reunite with Katherine throughout the first season. In the first season, we learn that it was Stefan who convinced Damon to feed and complete his transformation after Katherine turned both brothers into vampires. Despite the bad blood between the Salvatore brothers, both Damon and Stefan have each other's backs. Damon is always there for Stefan when it really matters, e.g., saving him from being tortured, helping him through withdrawal, and working with him to kill common enemies. And Stefan will still give up his own life for Damon's survival. They both actually love each other but won't admit it,however: throughout the third season his relationship with Elena grows and when it comes to the cut, after a long struggle Elena still chooses Stefan much to Damon's disappointment. But in "My Brother's Keeper" Elena tells Damon that he is the reason she and Stefan broke up and at the end of the episode Damon and Elena have sex, and they loved it. The news of Elena being sired to Damon is out in the open although Elena still says her love for him is real. Damon still thinks thats not true and the right thing for her to do is to leave him, so in "O Come, All Ye Faithful" he sets her free. In "Graduation" the sire bond is claimed to be officially broken and Elena declares that she is in love with Damon. Elena tells him that out of all the decisions she has made, choosing him will prove to be the worse one and proclaims that she loves him. The two now enter season 5 as a couple.

Rum cake

A rum cake is a traditional Caribbean holiday season dessert cake which contains rum. It descended from the holiday puddings introduced by English settlers.. Dried fruit is soaked in rum for approximately three to six months, and then added to sugared dough which has been caramelized by boiling in water. Excessive consumption can lead to intoxication. Some rum cakes such as Tortuga, made with plums and raisins soaked in rum, as well as brown sugar and a bittersweet caramel contain even more than five percent of certain grain alcohols[2]