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Link to draft article: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft:Rhino_poaching_in_Southern_Africa

Hunter standing over a poached rhino in the colonial era

Rhino poaching in Southern Africa is the illegal act of slaughtering rhinos most commonly to meet the high demand for their horns in Asian countries, where the horn is predominantly used in Traditional Chinese Medicine but is increasingly being used as a symbol of wealth and prosperity. In previous generations, the most common rhino poaching activity was hunting for recreational purposes.

Because of excessive poaching, rhino populations have decline rapidly since the 1970s, leaving some species critically endangered and facing extinction.

Rhino poaching is illegal and there are several organisations in place to save the rhinos and prevent poachers and traffickers.

International rhino horn trade is illegal; however, a lucrative black market exists stemming from the rising demand from South East Asian countries, particularly Vietnam and China. The estimated value of rhino horn on the black market was reportedly $60,000 per pound, valuing rhino horn at approximately three times that of gold.

History

The history of rhino poaching in Southern Africa dates to the colonial era when British settlers first invaded Cape Town in 1647. Since then, rhino populations have fluctuated and there have been multiple periods when different species of rhino have threatened extinction.

Colonial era (1600s to 1900s)

During the colonial era in Southern Africa, rhinos were hunted recreationally as a sport and for the possession of their horns, which were used as symbol of wealth and prosperity. This led to a gradual but constant decline in rhino populations across Southern Africa during the colonial era.

Early 20th century

In the early 20^th century, the population of the White Rhino in South Africa was down to 10, and in 1933 the total population of black rhinos was recorded to be 110. The white rhino population made a recovery due to the intervention of the oldest nature reserve in Africa; the Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park in KwaZulu-Natal. The sanctuary assisted with the breeding and conservation of the white rhino population. The black rhino population was also able to recover.

1950 to 1960

In the 1950s and 1960s, the Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park and Wilderness Foundation founder Dr Ian Player were the initiators of rhino preservation and conservation in South Africa and were able to breed white rhinos and bring the species back from extinction in an initiative known as “Operation Rhino”. The population of black rhino recovered to 100,000 by 1960.

1960 to 2000

During the 1970s and 1980s, poaching of black rhino increased dramatically due to the growing demand for rhino horn from South East Asian countries, where the rhino horn is deemed to be an important ingredient in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Between 1970 and 1992, 96% of the black rhino population was eliminated, with the predominate cause of rhino death due to poaching.

Early 20th century

By 2010, there were over 17,000 white rhinos in South Africa, which made up 90% of the rhino population in Africa. The rhino population continued to grow despite the presence of poachers, which was maintained at a consistently low level during this period.

Two White Rhinos in the Kruger National Park in South Africa

2008 to 2015

During this period, the demand for rhino horn out of South East Asian countries increased dramatically and was the source of the 9,000% increase in rhino poaching incidents in Southern Africa. During this period, poaching statistics continued to grow and in 2014 rhino poaching was at its highest, with an estimated 1,215 rhinos poached in South Africa alone.

2015 to 2019

Since 2015, annual poaching figures in South Africa have fallen. The current black rhino and white rhino population is estimated to be around 5,000 and 18,000 respectively. 90% of the remaining black and white rhinos are in the Southern African countries of Namibia, Botswana and South Africa.

Reasons for poaching

Rhino in captivity with the majority of its horn removed.

Sports and recreation

During the colonial era, the leading cause of rhino deaths was attributed to uncontrolled hunting. Rhino hunting was considered a recreational activity and the horn was kept by the hunter as a trophy. In more recent times, rhino horns are increasingly being used for decorative purposes and as a symbol of wealth.

Traditional Chinese Medicine

Rhino horn is an ingredient used in Traditional Chinese Medicine. The surge in poaching during the 1970s and 1980s was caused by the increased demand coming from South East Asian countries. Rhino horn was removed from the official list of traditional Chinese Medicine in the Chinese Medicine Pharmacopeia in 1993, as there are no measurable health benefits and no scientific evidence supporting its use. In 2018, China reversed the ban on trade on rhino horn. Despite this lack of evidence, many users of Traditional Chinese Medicine still believe rhino horn has medicinal benefits and use it to treat a broad variety of illnesses such as fevers, convulsions and in some cases cancer. The horn is crushed into a fine powder and manufactured into tablets or dissolved in boiling water and consumed orally.

Commodity stockpiling for investment purposes

Rhino horn is a commodity valued at 3 times that of gold. Statistics suggest that the future of the rhino population is uncertain, consequently increasing the value of the rhino horn as a commodity. As a result, in recent times rhino horns are being stockpiled by investors that believe they will appreciate due to their scarcity.

Methods of poaching

Poachers are often hired by the sellers and traffickers of rhino horns. A variety of methods have been used by the poachers to kill rhinos over the years. Once the rhino is dead, the poachers usually saw-off the rhino’s horn in a process called “de-horning”. The most common methods of rhino poaching are:

Shooting

The most common method of killing rhinos is shooting them with a rifle or shotgun. Trained gunmen are hired to carry out the poaching missions utilising advanced combat technologies such as night vision scopes and silenced weapons. Shooting is the safest method for the poacher as they can maintain a safe distance from the rhino.

Trapping in a pit

Poachers lure the rhino towards a pit they have constructed in attempt to capture and secure the rhino. Trapping rhinos in a pit is often used in conjunction with other poaching techniques such as shooting.

Electrocuting

In certain areas where high-powered power lines are present, poachers lure the rhino towards the power line, where they use modified equipment to utilise the high-voltage current to electrocute the rhino.

Poisoning

Poachers smear rat poison on salt and mineral deposits, which rhinos often lick to revitalise certain parts of their digestive system. The poison is lethal once ingested by the rhino.

Poaching statistics

In South Africa

A surge in rhino poaching was observed in 2008 and again in 2012. Since then, the number of rhino deaths due to poached has increased exponentially to a record high of 1,215 in 2014. The total number of rhino deaths have since fallen. In 2018, 769 rhinos were poached in South Africa. The table below shows the number of rhinos poached in the various provinces of South Africa as well as the rhino deaths due to poaching in the whole of the African continent from 2007 to 2018.

Table 1. Number of rhinos poached in Africa and the Republic of South Africa

Year	Region
	Africa	South Africa
2007	62	13
2008	262	83
2009	201	122
2010	426	333
2011	532	448
2012	751	668
2013	1,123	1,004
2014	1,324	1,215
2015	1,349	1,175
2016	1,167	1,054
2017	1,124	1,028
2018		769

Table 2. Number of Rhinos poached in South African National Parks and Provinces

South African Provinces & National Parks	Year
	2017	2018
Kruger National Park	504	421
Marakele National Park	-	1
Gauteng	4	2
Limpopo	79	40
Mpumalanga	49	51
North West Province	96	65
Eastern Cape	12	19
Free State	38	16
Northern Cape	24	12
Kwa-Zulu Natal	222	142
Western Cape	-	-
Total	1,028	769

Rhino horn trafficking and the black-market trade

After the rhino poachers have obtained the rhino horns, they sell the horns to traffickers. Traffickers act as the intermediaries between the poachers and the end users, with most of the demand coming from consumer markets in the South East Asian nations of China and Vietnam. In recent years, the demand for rhino horn has increased due to the growing purchasing power of the Asian middle class as well as the rising scarcity of rhino horn. The trafficking enterprises are sophisticated global organisations supported by the lucrative industry. Since 1977, the international trade of rhino horn has been declared illegal by the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES) in response to the concern that increased demand is fuelling the number of rhino deaths due to poaching. The international trade ban of rhino horn has created a lucrative black-market estimated at $20 billion a year. Rhino horn is valued at $60,000 per kilogram on the black market – more than its weight in gold.

Conservation tactics

De-horning

In an attempt to prevent the poaching of rhinos, some rhinos in South Africa have been tranquillised and had their horns removed in a process carried out by local national park authorities and private sanctuaries.

Pink dye

The Rhino Rescue Project in Krugersdorp, South Africa implemented a trade-control method whereby they infuse the rhino horn with a pink dye that is toxic to humans. This procedure takes place while the rhino is sedated and causes no harm to the rhino or other animals in the national parks. Since the dye is toxic to humans, the horn is no longer of use in Traditional Chinese Medicine and as a result diminishes in value.

White Rhinos in captivity

Security units

Armed national park rangers in South Africa have established anti-poaching units to combat the rhino poachers on the front line, sometimes resulting in death of the poachers.

Sanctuaries

Rhino sanctuaries are private and secure locations that aim to breed rhinos to restore their population. At certain sanctuaries, the rhino horns are trimmed and stockpiled to reduce poaching and accumulate value. The world’s biggest rhino farm consists of over 1,300 rhinos and is situated in Krugersdorp, South Africa.

Anti-poaching organisations and conservation organisations

There exist both governmental and independent organisations that attempt to combat rhino-poaching in South Africa.

Government of the Republic of South Africa

The South African government has integrated several of their organisations to collectively suppress rhino poaching in South Africa. The governmental departments include the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA), the Department of Defence and the South African Police Service. These departments have been actively involved in the arrests of rhino poachers and traffickers in South Africa.

Notable seizures

The Environmental Investigation Agency reported that up to and including September 2018, 583 seizures of rhino horn had been recorded consisting of approximately 1,770 horns and roughly weighing 4,927 kilograms. The countries with the greatest quantity of rhino horns seized are South Africa (1,659 kilograms), China (including Hong Kong) (779 kilograms) and Vietnam (608 kilograms).

Rhino Horn previously seized by the Hong Kong Government on display

North West Province, South Africa in April 2019

The biggest rhino horn seizure ever recorded was made in North West Province, South Africa on 13 April 2019. Two men were arrested for the possession of 167 rhino horns after local authorities received a tip-off that a large batch of rhino horns destined for South East Asia were in transit. The men held a permit to transport the horns within Gauteng Province only but were arrested in North West Province. The men are currently waiting for their court appearance of 12 July 2019.

Hong Kong International Airport, Hong Kong in February 2019

Airport authorities at Hong Kong International Airport seized 24 partial rhino horns (worth an estimated value of £780,000) stored in two cardboard boxes that were in transit to Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam from Johannesburg, South Africa.

OR Tambo International Airport, Johannesburg, South Africa in January 2019

OR Tambo International Airport customs authorities seized 36 horns and horn fragments (worth an estimated £1 million) that were sniffed out by a detector dog. The horns were hidden in household objects stored in eight boxes heading for Dubai.

Legal issues

The international trade of rhino horn was banned by the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES) in 1977. Although international trade is illegal, domestic trade regulations are determined by the nominated national government agencies in each country. The South African Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) is responsible for protecting and conserving South Africa’s environment. In 2009, a temporary ban was made on the trade of rhino horn domestically in South Africa, which was later lifted in April 2017 after an ongoing legal dispute between the DEA and private rhino poachers. The decision to lift the ban was motivated by the belief that by legalising the domestic trade of rhino horns criminal activity would be reduced and consumption of rhino horn could be regulated in a sustainable and ethical way. In addition, the funds generated through domestic sales could go towards the preservation and conservation of rhinos in South Africa. Those against the decision argued that in is not a feasible solution to regulate domestic trade as the levels of illegal activity is too high to be controlled effectively.