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Comments from Matthew V.

  • Comment: Error: There was no comment detected! Please follow the instructions at Template:AfC comment. Trust me, this is how a Wikipedia infobox and lede paragraph are formatted. Please do not revert my changes again. It is also not necessary to put the Chinese translations of names next to each; if the term has a link, the Chinese spelling will be found in that word's _own_ article. The only Chinese characters should be for introducing the various names of the subject for the _first_ time each appears, maybe a few names that don't have links, and for the titles of books specifically written in Chinese.
In addition, please review WP:Footnotes for how to make automated footnotes rather that typing "sup" numbers manually. I have fixed footnote #1 for you as an example; please do not revert that change again, but instead use it as an example for how to fix the others. This article definitely has potential, but it will take some work. Ensure you watch the History tab of this article to see how other editors are helping you clean up, and likewise ensure that with _every_ edit you leave an WP:Edit summary so you can describe the cleanup as it progresses.
  • Comment: Error: There was no comment detected! Please follow the instructions at Template:AfC comment. Additionally, please review WP:Reliable sources. A _lot_ of your footnotes appear to be blogs and the like, which are not acceptable sources. Please instead use reputable newspapers, magazines/journals, and academic books. CHHistory 12:42, 6 October 2012 (UTC)
Luo Xian Xiang Chinese: Mandarin
Luo Xian Xiang in 1962
Native name
羅獻祥 Law Hin-Cheung
Nickname(s)Second name 次黎 (Chi-Lai)
Born1890
Sihui, Guangdong Province廣東四會
Died1968
Hong Kong香港
AllegianceKuomintang, Republic of China
Service / branchArmy
Years of service1916-1949, including services at regional/local government
RankGeneral
Relations
  • Wife 羅歐慧蓮 Law Au Wai-Lin. (1892? – 1952?)
    Second wife 羅夫人 (1893? – 1921?).
  • Five children: Three sons and two daughters.
    *Second son, Law Gee-Cheung 羅志漳 (1920-2007)

Luo Xian Xiang (Chinese: 羅獻祥[1][2]Mandarin: Luo Xian Xiang, Cantonese: Law Hin-Cheung) (1890-1968) was a World War II Chinese general. He was a soldier, and at times, as regional government official; he established anti-corruption policies and conducted administrative and education reforms[3][4]. He was born in Sihui, Guangdong Province, where Cantonese is the native tongue.

Name

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His scholarly family chose to name him 獻祥, literally meant "dedication and harmony". He was to live a life devoted to harmony. As in the tradition dated back to Confucius’ time, when Luo Xian Xiang became of age, his name was added into the Law clan registry[5] , and at the same time, a second name was added - 次黎, Chi-Lai Cantonese[6]. While this second name literally meant "second to the peasants", for him, it was to serve his country with humility.

Early years

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Luo Xian Xiang was the second of six children, and the second son of a well off, landed gentry. His father, a scholar from the Qing Dynasty, opened a primary school for the local children. This same school was where Luo Xian Xiang obtained his initial schooling. Later, his father left to work as an educator in Foshan 佛山 for many years. The family's experience and connection to education were instrumental to Luo Xian Xiang's later successes in education and other reforms. In 1908, Luo Xian Xiang enrolled in the Guangdong Army Primary School[7][8]; followed by Nanjing Army Middle School, to graduation in June 1916, from the Baoding Military Academy-Calvary Division[9]. Upon graduation, he was commissioned to serve under Chen Jiongming[10], the Governor and General of the Guangdong Army.

During this time, the establishment of the Republic of China was far from complete, with many generals and warlords fighting either for self interests or for their ideals of forming a Democratic Republic. In the south, the armies were loosely united under Sun Yat Sen/[11].

In 1918, Luo Xian Xiang[12]was appointed Adjutant Commander for the 4th Guangdong Army, head of the 17th command. In 1920, he was Brigade Commander[13]of the Independent 3rd Army[14].

June 16 1922 Incident[15][16]

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To unite China under one central government, the southern armies needed to defeat the northern armies. However, on-going warfare amongst the different factions; between the northern and the Guangdong or southern armies led to great casualties and miseries to the civilians.

Within the southern armies, there were serious discords amongst the generals, Sun Yat Sen, and those who supported him. Of all the differing factors, a couple stood out. For example, Sun Yat Sen believed in a centralized government and mandated that all generals must pledge allegiance to him. This request was counter to the idea of democracy, thus, many generals balked in taking part. This included Guangdong Governor and Commander in Chief Chen Jiongming who wanted to implement a federalist type of governance with Guangdong as a model province. In Guangdong, when he was in control, he established policies against corruption, nepotism, while championed woman’s rights, banned and burned heroin. All Chen's reforms, however, were eventually abolished after Sun gained control of Guangdong in 1925.

In April 1922, Chen Jiongming[17]was discharged when he refused to embark on a “Northern Expedition”; Sun’s attempt to defeat the Northern Army in order to unite the country. On June 16, 1922, unable to accept Sun Yat Sen’s leadership, Chen Jiongming’s subordinate Yip Ku 葉舉[18]ordered the arrest of Sun Yat Sen. Luo Xian Xiang[19][20]was tasked to carry out this order. However, the plan was leaked and Sun escaped[18]to a warship 永豐艦; from where Sun rallied his base. In history, this was known as 6.16 Incident[19]. After Sun’s departure, Chen Jiongming returned to govern Guangdong Province.

Meanwhile, Sun sent for Chiang Kai-Shek to join him in the struggle. The 16 June Incident propelled Chiang Kai-shek to prominence and power within the Kuomintang (KMT) of China. In January 4, 1923, Sun waged war against Guangdong where Chen was based. With the help from two armies, Sun was able to attack Chen from the east and from the west. On January 15, Chen left Guangdong, relocating to Waizhou 惠州 where he stayed. On February 21, Sun returned to Guangzhou, and from May 28, 1923 to October 27, Sun’s forces attacked Waizhou without any conclusive results. By 1924, Chen’s armies were able to resist the invading forces and both sides fought to a standstill. As a Brigade Commander[20], Luo Xian Xiang fought in these conflicts on the side of Chen’s Guangdong Army.

In 1924, Sun Yat Sen bombed Guangzhou, Seikwan District 广州西关屠城事件 causing massive destruction of properties and civilian lives[16]. From the cruelty exhibited in this Guangzhou Seikwan Incident, the people of Guangdong became supportive of Chen Jiongming, who was in the process of planning counter attacks. However, what Chen did not realize was that Sun had accepted Russian aid; the same aid which he had refused on grounds that he did not want to be beholden to a communist country. Further, Sun had joined forces with the Chinese communists, who were gaining strength. With more advance munitions, Sun’s army together with the communist forces, under Chiang Kai-Shek gained the upper hand.

Towards the end of 1925, with the participation of Russia and Chinese communists, Sun was victorious. Chen[21]escaped and spent his remaining years in poverty in Hong Kong. Chen’s army was disbanded and absorbed into Chiang’s forces.

1925 to 1939

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From 1925 – 1928, Luo Xian Xiang was Regiment Commander for the 14th Army and The Guangdong Police and Defense Regiments[22] in Chiang’s army, where he[23]suppressed militant gangs, bringing law and order to the region.

In April 1928, Luo Xian Xiang[3]was Police Commissioner for Nanhi County 南海县.

With the unification of the south, The KMT’s Republic of China was established on July 1, 1925 in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, four months after Sun Yat-Sen’s death, in March of that same year.

Luo was appointed Special Envoy and Chief Inspector for Guangdong Province n April 1930.[24] By 1932, Luo became County Magistrate for Yangshan 陽山, and years later, Luo was the Mayor of Shantau 汕头市长.

With the start of the Japanese invasion in 1937, China needed new armies. This led to the massing of armed forces in a hurry. During this time and, through 1938, Luo Xian Xiang[3]was in Guangdong carrying out reforms in education, administration, law, and political affairs. In 1939, Luo returned to active duty, joined the 12th Army Group as senior officer.

The 66th Army[25][26][27][28][29]

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In 1937 January, with the Japanese invasion in earnest, The 66th Army was formed by incorporating 159th and 160th Divisions. Yip Sui 葉肇 and Division Commander, Chan Kai 陈骥 led The 66th Army with distinction. Of note was the Battle of Wuhan in 1938[30][31]where The 66th Army participated. Holding out for ten months in bitter defensive warfare with heavy casualties, the Chinese forces were able to inflict unacceptable losses to the Japanese, ended with a strategic victory. Later In 1938, The 66th Army engaged the enemies in two fronts. The 160th Division won the Battle of Kamlunfan 金輪峰 while the 159th Division was victorious in Battle of Wanjialing[32].

In November 15, 1939, Japanese forces landed on Yimzhouwan 欽州灣; by November 24, the Japanese invaded Nan-ning 南寧. As the Chinese Army was spread over a few fronts, The 66th Army was summoned to defend Kunlunkwan 昆仑关. At the time, the 66th Army was in the process of reformation due to heavy losses from prior battles, and did not have sufficient manpower to staff the divisions. So, in December 1939, Yip Sui from Divisional Headquarters, borrowed Luo Xian Xiang[33] [34][35]from the 12th Army Group, to be the Senior Advisor and Chief of Staff for the 159th Division.

However, due to lack of coordination and miscommunications, The 66th [36][37][38]was unable to hold Kunlunkwan 昆仑关. This defeat led to the demotions of two generals, and court martial for a couple of brigade commanders. The 66th was reconstituted; continued to actively participate in driving the Japanese out of China and southeast Asia. This KMT army lasted till 1949 when the Communists overran the Republic of China of Chiang Kai-Shek, who retreated to Taiwan.

Post-1940

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After a brief stint with The 66th in 1939, Luo Xian Xiang returned to Guangdong in 1940 to become the Senior Advisor of The #7 war zone. In 1942, Guangdong #4 Administrative Zone Special Envoy Chan Kai 陈骥 was reassigned. Luo Xian Xiang[39][40][41]assumed the post as Special Envoy and Chief Commander for Security of The 4th Administrative Zone in Guangdong, where he initiated and successfully completed major administration reforms. Later, Luo was Special Administrative Commissioner and Security Commander for The 10th Administrative Zone, Guangdong Province.

Japanese surrender in Guangdong

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In 1944 June, Luo Xian Xiang was appointed Divisional Commander of Wailun District 惠龍師官區. In September 11, 1945, Lui Pei-Nan 缪培南[42]accompanied by Luo Xian Xiang and others accepted the unconditional surrender from the Japanese in Guangdong. After serving as Special Commissioner for The 10th Administration Zone, Guangdong Province, Luo Xian Xiang retired in 1946.

During this time, the civil war between Kuomintang and the Communists Party, later known as the Republic Of China (Taiwan) and the People’s Republic of China, respectively, continued unabated.

Defeat of Kuomintang/Republic of China

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By 1949 October, the People's Republic of China Communists army took Guangzhou. Even though at the time Luo Xian Xiang was the County Chief of Sihui 四會縣縣長[40], as a retired General of the Republic of China, who in earlier years was commended for routing the communists[43][44], the communists wanted to capture him.

When the communists continued to march on to win territory after territory, Luo Xian Xiang left for Hong Kong, where he lived a spartan, quiet life. He died of illness in 1968 at the age of 78.

Obituary and Eulogy

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Law Hin-Cheung (Mandarin: Luo Xian Xiang) Passed Away.

Funeral Services and Cremation took place yesterday.

Former General and Special Envoy to Guangdong Province, China, Mr. Law Hin-Cheung, died from illness at 3 pm on 20th October, 1968 at 80 years* of age. Funeral services and viewing were held at Kowloon Funeral Parlor (Kowloon, Hong Kong). After viewing and funeral service, his body was moved to Diamond Hill Crematorium for immediate cremation. A few hundred of his former colleagues, senior officials who had served with him in China, local politicians, dignitaries, subordinates, friends and family came to salute and to pay final tribute to a man who was well known to be principled; a man who served his country with loyalty, integrity, honesty and honor. His passing was acutely felt and mourned by those who knew, respected and loved him.

— Translated by CHHistory, 1968 Chinese Daily Newspaper, Hong Kong
  • In Chinese tradition, one year was added to the year of birth, and to the year of death, thus resulting age became 80, as reported in the newspaper.
  • Law Hin-Cheung's Eulogy 1968 in Chinese, Hong Kong
    Law Hin-Cheung's Eulogy 1968 in Chinese, Hong Kong


References

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Chinese Characters Sets

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Chinese characters are complicated and depending on how the string of characters is put together, the meaning can be quite different. Post 1950, to speed up the education of the masses, People's Republic of China has implemented a Simplified Chinese characters set of over 2,300 characters. This is a version with less stokes per character, taken from the entire pool of the more complex tradition Chinese characters. The easier to learn simplified version covered the needs for written communication in the daily life of the general public.

Footnotes

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  1. ^ 刘国铭, 黄普明, ed. (2005). 中国国民党百年人物全书, Volume 2. 团结出版社. p. 1568. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
  2. ^ "罗氏通谱网"[http://www.luoshi.net/NEWS1/shownews.asp?NewsID=3673
  3. ^ a b c 罗荣昌 (1992). 广州文史. 中国人民政治协商会议广州市委员会. Retrieved 10 October 2012. Cite error: The named reference "佛山市军事志" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  4. ^ 龚志鎏. 广州文史. 中国人民政治协商会议广州市委员会. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  5. ^ "罗氏通谱网"[http://www.luoshi.net/NEWS1/shownews.asp?NewsID=3673
  6. ^ 刘国铭; 黄普明 (2005). 中国国民党百年人物全书. 团结出版社. p. 1568. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  7. ^ http://www.hpma.cn/article-img.aspx?menuid=1326&tab=tab_imgNews&tabid=92
  8. ^ 郭鳳明 (1978). 清末民初陸軍學校教育. 嘉新水泥公司文化基金會. p. 36. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  9. ^ 保定陆军军官学校. 河北人民出版社. 1987. p. 306. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
  10. ^ Chen Jiongming and the Federalist Movement: Regional Leadership and Nation Building in Early Republican China. Center for Chinese Studies, The University of Michigan. 2000. p. 365 in total. ISBN 978-0892641352.
  11. ^ 丁旭光 (1999). 孙中山与近代广东社会. 广东人民出版社. pp. 317–363. ISBN 978-7-218-02896-5. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  12. ^ 中華國史館 (ed.). Academic Historica中華民國重要史事. Retrieved 7 October 2012. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |case= ignored (help)
  13. ^ 中國國民黨.黨史史料編纂委員會 (1970). 革命文獻. 中國國民黨黨史史料編纂委員會. pp. Volume 52. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  14. ^ 李烈鈞; 中國國民黨. 黨史委員會 (1981). 李烈鈞先生文集. 該會. pp. 514 in length. Retrieved 10 October 2012. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |origin= ignored (help)
  15. ^ 沈剛伯; 国立台湾大学历史学系 (1998). 史學: 傳承與變遷學術研討會論文集. 國立臺灣大學歷史學系. p. 335. ISBN 978-957-02-1683-7. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  16. ^ a b 傳記文學. Vol. 64. 傳記文學雜誌社. 1994. pp. 2–6. Retrieved 11 October 2012. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |origin= ignored (help) Cite error: The named reference "傳記文學" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  17. ^ 段云章; 沈晓敏 (2006). 历有争议的陈炯明. 中山大学出版社. pp. 43–49, 360. ISBN 978-7-306-02715-3. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  18. ^ a b 國立政治大學. 歷史學系; 國立政治大學. 歷史硏究所 (1995). 歷史學報. 國立政治大學歷史學系. pp. 131–134. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  19. ^ a b 广东省政协.文史资料硏究委员会 (1990). 粤军史实纪要. 广东人民出版社. p. 181. ISBN 978-7-218-00324-5. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  20. ^ a b 广东党史通讯. 《广东党史通讯》编辑部. 1989. p. 39. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  21. ^ 陳定炎; 高宗魯 (1997). 一宗現代史實大翻案: 陳炯明與孫中山、蔣介石的恩怨真相. Berlind Investment Limited. pp. 19–24. ISBN 978-962-8390-01-4. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  22. ^ 王美嘉; 广东省档案馆 (1987). 民国时期广东省政府档案史料选编. 广东省档案馆. p. 459. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  23. ^ 孙道昌; 中央档案馆; 广东省档案馆 (1982). 广东革命历史文件彙集. 中央党案馆. pp. 107–110, Vol. 54. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  24. ^ 中華國史館 (ed.). 中華民國重要史事. 中華國史館. Retrieved 10 October 2012. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |case= ignored (help)
  25. ^ 贵州省地方志编纂委员会 (1995). 贵州省志: 军事志. 贵州人民出版社. p. 107. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  26. ^ 李良志; 陈之中 (1997). 中国抗日战争大辞典. 北京燕山出版社. pp. 439–524. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  27. ^ 楊克林; 曹紅 (1992). 中國抗日戰爭圖誌. 天地圖書有限公司. pp. Volume 2. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  28. ^ 罗平汉; 王续添 (2001). 桂系军阀. 中共党史出版社. pp. 258–259. ISBN 978-7-80136-504-0. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  29. ^ 中国人民革命军事博物馆 (1996). 军事史林. 军事史林杂志社. p. 29. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  30. ^ James Chieh Hsiung (1992). China's Bitter Victory: The War With Japan, 1937-1945. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-1-56324-246-5. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
  31. ^ Stephen R. MacKinnon (21 May 2008). Wuhan, 1938: War, Refugees, and the Making of Modern China. University of California Press. pp. 31–. ISBN 978-0-520-25445-9. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
  32. ^ http://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=176
  33. ^ 陈锦富. 广州文史. Vol. 48. 中国人民政治协商会议广州市委员会. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  34. ^ 广东省政协. 文史资料研究委员会 (1987). 文史資料選輯. 政协广东省委员会. p. 209. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  35. ^ 黎天荣. 广州文史. Vol. 63. 中国人民政治协商会议广州市委员会. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  36. ^ 陈培军; 钟庆安 (2006). 缅甸泥潭. 海南出版社. p. 13. ISBN 978-7-5443-0985-1. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  37. ^ 全国十四所重点中学《历史教学》编辑部; 历史学習编委会历史学習编辑部 (1994). 歷史學習. 历史教学社. p. 24. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  38. ^ 章伯锋; 庄建平; 中囯史学会 (1997). 抗日战爭. Vol. 2. 四川大学出版社. p. 1161. ISBN 9787561415337. Retrieved 11 October 2012. {{cite book}}: Text "Part 2" ignored (help)
  39. ^ 民国广东大事记. 羊城晚报出版社. 2002. p. 721. ISBN 978-7-80651-206-7. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  40. ^ a b 广东省档案馆 (1995). 民国广东政府机构沿革及组织法规选编, 1911-1949. 广东省档案馆. p. 51. Retrieved 10 October 2012. Cite error: The named reference "广东省档案馆1995" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  41. ^ . 广东地方誌编写组编. 2012 http://210.76.65.23/books/201/3320.html. Retrieved 10 October 2012. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  42. ^ http://www.gzminge.org.cn/gzminge/News.shtml?p5=112951
  43. ^ 羊城晚报出版社, ed. (2002). 民国广东大事记. 羊城晚报出版社. p. 1011. ISBN 9787806512067. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
  44. ^ 羊城晚报出版社, ed. (2002). 民国广东大事记. 羊城晚报出版社. p. 892. ISBN 9787806512067. Retrieved 7 October 2012.


Category:1890 births Category:1968 deaths Category:Chinese generals Category:Chinese military personnel of World War II Category:Chinese people of World War II Category:National Revolutionary Army generals


　　

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