User:Buruneng/1921–1923 famine in Ukraine
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1921–1923 famine in Ukraine is a famine in Ukraine caused by drought, postwar difficulties as well as military food requisitions. The famine took place in the southern steppe region of Ukraine mostly. The number of martyrs is estimated between 200,000 and 1,000,000, though no systematic records were made during the famine period.
Famine reasons and course
[edit]While famines regularly happened in Russian Empire (e.g. ), fertile agricultural zone of Ukraine, especially its southern region, was usually left fed due to the high productivity of its black soil, chernozem. But during 1918-1920 a number of expropriations happened: German, Russian White Army and Red Army militants continuously tried to requisit food from peasants. In 1920 a food tax was established by Russian communist authorities, that stimulated peasants to sow less land.[1]
There was a severe drought during the summer of 1921 that hit southern regions of European part of Soviet Russia, and starving began in the Volga Valley, North Caucasus and Ukraine. Moscow government recognized Volga food crisis, but paid no attention to events in Ukraine. Moreover, Lenin ordered to move full grain trains from Ukraine to Volga region, Moscow and Petrograd to decrease starvation there, and 1,127 were sent between fall 1921 and August 1922[1]. Only in December 1921 Soviet leaders acknowledged fact of famine in Southern Ukraine, and it was still a kind a sensation for a meeting delegates in Kharkiv in February 1922[2].
Relief
[edit]While international relief organizations acted in Volga region since August 1921, in Ukraine Soviet government started seeking their help in January 1922 only as plenty of people were starving already. American Relief Adminisrtation opened its office in Kyiv only after a car journey of Lincol Hutchinson in late December 1921 - January 1922 to Odessa, Mykolaiv, Zaporizhia. Offices in Odessa and Mykolaiv were opened in late March 1922.[3] Communist Workers International Relief started its operation in Ukraine in November 1922 only[4]. Nansen Mission started actual work in Ukraine in May 1922 with Vidkun Quisling as a head of Kharkiv office.[5] Most offices continued their work antil summer 1923 as situation in Ukraine was still bad, compared to mostly recoverd Volga Region.
Famine as a tool in Russian-Ukrainian conflict
[edit]As the severeness of famine was a fault of Soviet government, there is a considerable historiographical debate for whether this failure was deliberate or not[6]. There are a number of statements from Vladimir Lenin and other Rushian bolshevik leaders, who insisted that Ukraine should be conqured due to grain necessity for Russian communists and then that Ukrainian private peasant households are enemies of Soviet regime as they fought against grain requisitions. Thus, there was a certain level of hostility of Russian communist center to Ukrainian peasantry. Difference on attitude to Russian and Ukrainian peasants could come from their loyalty: Volga region was loyal, while Ukrainians were treated as "peasant bandits". To capture grain from Mykolaiv region military were ordered to take hostages from local families.[7] Though, critics point, there are no decrees or other strategic documents found directly prescribing elimination of Ukrainian peasantry[6].
Among researchers who describe famine of 1921-1923 as genocide are Wasyl Veryha[8], Roman Serbyn[9].
References
[edit]- ^ a b Nakai, K. (1982). Soviet Agricultural Policies in the Ukraine and the 1921-1922 Famine. Harvard Ukrainian Studies, 6(1), 43–61. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41035958
- ^ Veryha, W. (1984). Famine in Ukraine in 1921–1923 and the Soviet Government's Countermeasures. Nationalities Papers, 12(2), 265-286. doi:10.1080/00905998408408001
- ^ Rhodes, B.D. (1989), American Relief Operations at Nikolaiev, USSR, 1922–1923. Historian, 51: 611-626. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6563.1989.tb01279.x
- ^ (in Ukrainian)Павленко В.В., Мовчан О.М. Міжнародна робітнича допомога (Міжробдоп) // Енциклопедія історії України : у 10 т. / редкол.: В. А. Смолій (голова) та ін. ; Інститут історії України НАН України. — К. : Наукова думка, 2009. — Т. 6 : Ла — Мі. — 784 с. : іл. — ISBN 978-966-00-1028-1.
- ^ Arkhireyskyi D. V. (2019) Fridtjof Nansen and Ukraine. DOI 10.15421/311911
- ^ a b Rieber, A. J. (2010). Veryha, Wasyl. A Case of Genocide in the Ukrainian Famine of 1921-1923. Famine as a Weapon. Forword by Valerian Revutsky. Lewiston:The Edwin Mellen Press, 2007. 384 pp. ISBN: 978-0-7734-5278-7., East Central Europe, 37(2-3), 372-373. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/187633010X534612
- ^ Rudnytskyi, O., Kulchytskyi, S., Gladun, O., & Kulyk, N. (2020). The 1921–1923 Famine and the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine: Common and Distinctive Features. Nationalities Papers, 48(3), 549-568. doi:10.1017/nps.2019.81
- ^ Veryha, Wasyl. A Case of Genocide in the Ukrainian Famine of 1921-1923. Famine as a Weapon. Forword by Valerian Revutsky. Lewiston:The Edwin Mellen Press, 2007. 384 pp. ISBN: 978-0-7734-5278-7
- ^ Dr. Roman Serbyn The first man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine 1921-1923 Ukrainian Weekly, November 6, 1988
External links
[edit]- Andrij Makuch, Vasyl Markus Famine of 1921–3 Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 1 (1984).
- «FAMINE OF 21–23» Holodomor Museum, 18 May 2018 - 20 June 2018
- Ganson, N. (2009). Placing the Famine of 1946–47 in Global Context. In: The Soviet Famine of 1946–47 in Global and Historical Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230620964_7
- Red Famine: Stalin’s War on Ukraine, 1921-1933 28 Sep 2017
- "Ukraine (Famine)" Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. . Retrieved June 22, 2022 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ukraine-famine