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User:Burgart/Satellite Glial Cells

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Proposal

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It is well known and appreciated that glial cells within the nervous system act as support cells, providing a variety of services that aid the brain in the completion of its daily functions while also making sure that the brain is well-maintained. Many types of glial cells, like astrocytes and microglia, and their roles in the nervous system are well understood by the general public. However, others, like the glial satellite cells are less understood. Through extensive research, we hope that we will be able to write a strong Wikipedia article that explains the basics behind these cells. The article will also go into greater depth in areas that will discuss the structure and function of these cells, the types that exist, their clinical significance, potential therapeutic applications, and current ongoing research. We also hope to have a list of related topics present at the bottom of the page in order to encourage our readers to further explore related topics which we have deemed relevant to the study of glial satellite cells.

Here is the outline for our page (subject to change as research continues):

  1. Introduction/Overview (and picture)
  2. Location
  3. Structure/Anatomy
    1. Genetic markers
    2. Importance of gap junctions
  4. Role/Physiology
    1. Mediation of neuronal microenvironment (intracellular calcium, neurotransmitter transporters, etc.)
    2. Neuronal development, maintenance, and repair (parallel to role of glial cells in CNS)
  5. Pharmacological Properties
  6. Therapeutic Applications
    1. Associations with pain (including recent/current research)
    2. Associations with herpes
  7. Directions for future research
  8. See also
  9. References

Much of the research on our topic is very new, having been explored in the past 15 – 20 years. As a result, there are very few books available to us in our research. Over the next few weeks, we will attempt to find what we can in terms of hardcover sources. That being said, the amount of primary literature available surrounding recent and current research with glial satellite cells is vast and impressive. In quick searches using Boston College’s library page, it was noted that several thousand articles appeared as results; thus, the majority of our research will come from these articles.

We plan to divide the work equally, with each of us tackling between two and four of the major subheadings, depending on the amount of work and editing it will take to make each section successful. Obviously, the person in charge of the “See also” will be assigned an additional section since the aforementioned part will only contain links to other Wikipedia pages. Additionally, all three of us will be responsible for keeping the references section up to date, ensuring that all citations will be listed in their proper order. We also hope to meet at biweekly from now until the time the completed article will be posted on March 25, as to keep in touch with one another in regards to the progress being made, both in terms of research and writing. These meetings will also serve as support for ensuring that all editing and formatting will be up to Wikipedia’s standards. Pharmocolocical properties

Physiological Role

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Research is currently ongoing in determining the physiological role of satellite glial cells. Current theories suggest that SGC's have a significant role in controlling the microenvironment of the sympathetic ganglia. This is biased on the observation that that SGC's almost completely envelop the neuron and can regulate the diffusion of molecules.[1] It has been previously shown that when fluorescent protein tracers are injected into the cervical ganglion, in order to bypass the circulatory system, they are not found on the neuron surface.This suggests that the SGC's can regulate the extracellular space of individual neurons. [2] Some speculate that SGC's in the autonomic ganglia have a similar role to the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) as a functional barrier to large molecules.[3]

SGC's role as a regulator of neuronal microenvironment is further characterized by its electrical properties which are very similar to that of astrocytes.[4] Astrocytes have a well studied and defined role in controlling the microenvironment within the brain, therefore researchers are investigating any homologous role of SGC's within the sympathetic ganglia

Pharmacological Properties

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Although sensory neurons receive no synapses, they are endowed with receptors for a variety of neuroactive substances [5]. Axon terminals as well as other parts of the neuron carry receptors to substances such as acetylcholine (ACh), GABA, glutamate, ATP, noradrenaline, substance P and capsaicin[6]. Current research is revealing that SGC’s are also able to respond to some of the same chemical stimuli as neurons. The research ongoing and SGC's role in injury repair mechanisms is still not fully understood.

Neuroactive Chemicals Affecting SGC's

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  1. Nitric oxide (NO) - Activation of neuron repair networks[7]
  2. Endothelins - Function varies based on cell type; associated with pain in several animal models[8]
  3. Bradykinin - Role in pain and inflammatory process [9]
  4. Acetylcholine (ACh)- Receptors present, but no defined function in SGC's [10]
  5. carbon monoxide (CO) - Role in regeneration of neurons in response to injury [11]
  1. ^ Hanani M (September 2010). "Satellite glial cells in sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia: in search of function". Brain Res Rev. 64 (2): 304–27. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2010.04.009. PMID 20441777.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  2. ^ Allen DT, Kiernan JA (April 1994). "Permeation of proteins from the blood into peripheral nerves and ganglia". Neuroscience. 59 (3): 755–64. doi:10.1016/0306-4522(94)90192-9. PMID 8008217.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  3. ^ Ten Tusscher MP, Klooster J, Vrensen GF (June 1989). "Satellite cells as blood-ganglion cell barrier in autonomic ganglia". Brain Res. 490 (1): 95–102. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(89)90434-4. PMID 2474362.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Bowery NG, Brown DA, Marsh S (August 1979). "gamma-Aminobutyric acid efflux from sympathetic glial cells: effect of 'depolarizing' agents". J. Physiol. (Lond.). 293: 75–101. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1979.sp012879. PMC 1280703. PMID 501652.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Shinder V, Devor M (September 1994). "Structural basis of neuron-to-neuron cross-excitation in dorsal root ganglia". J. Neurocytol. 23 (9): 515–31. doi:10.1007/BF01262054. PMID 7815085.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  6. ^ Julius D, Basbaum AI (September 2001). "Molecular mechanisms of nociception". Nature. 413 (6852): 203–10. doi:10.1038/35093019. PMID 11557989.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  7. ^ Aoki E, Takeuchi IK, Shoji R, Semba R (August 1993). "Localization of nitric oxide-related substances in the peripheral nervous tissues". Brain Res. 620 (1): 142–5. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(93)90281-q. PMID 8402187.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Davar G, Hans G, Fareed MU, Sinnott C, Strichartz G (July 1998). "Behavioral signs of acute pain produced by application of endothelin-1 to rat sciatic nerve". NeuroReport. 9 (10): 2279–83. doi:10.1097/00001756-199807130-00025. PMID 9694215.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Couture R, Harrisson M, Vianna RM, Cloutier F (October 2001). "Kinin receptors in pain and inflammation". Eur. J. Pharmacol. 429 (1–3): 161–76. doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(01)01318-8. PMID 11698039.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Bernardini N, de Stefano ME, Tata AM, Biagioni S, Augusti-Tocco G (August 1998). "Neuronal and non-neuronal cell populations of the avian dorsal root ganglia express muscarinic acetylcholine receptors". Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 16 (5): 365–77. doi:10.1016/s0736-5748(98)00038-0. PMID 9829173.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Magnusson S, Ekström TJ, Elmér E, Kanje M, Ny L, Alm P (2000). "Heme oxygenase-1, heme oxygenase-2 and biliverdin reductase in peripheral ganglia from rat, expression and plasticity". Neuroscience. 95 (3): 821–9. doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(99)00466-2. PMID 10670450.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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