User:Briannaking709/sandbox

Week 3 - Article Evaluation

The Amazing Acro-Cats

• Short lead section. More info could be included about training
• Neutral article
• All sections are equally represented
• Plenty of good references
  • Up to date
• Citations throughout article
• No conversations on the talk page
• Part of WikiProject Cats and Circus

Week 5 - Editing an Article

1.Boreal woodland caribou

-A section could be added about how to counteract the declining population (Conservation methods)

Articles:

Managing wolves ( Canis lupus ) to recover threatened woodland caribou ( Rangifer tarandus caribou ) in Alberta

http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjz-2014-0142#.WdJwl5IrKUk

Simulation of conservation and management of woodland caribou

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380004001085

TA: This seems to be an already well-covered topic, it probably would not be a good choice for the final project as there wouldn't be enough new, relevant information to add.

2. Capelin

-A section could be added to describe the predator-prey relationships of capelin

Invasive red king crabs feed on both spawned-out capelin and their eggs

http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v563/p139-155

Linking predator diet and prey availability: common murres and capelin in the Northwest Atlantic

http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v445/p25-35

Water temperature and timing of capelin spawning determine seabird diets

https://academic.oup.com/icesjms/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/icesjms/fss032

TA: make sure you're focusing on animal behaviour here, but if you can find enough published literature on Capelin behaviour this could work.

3. Cod

-More information concerning the behaviour of cod could be added, such as differences between individuals occupying different global regions

Fisheries: Different behaviour of North and Irish Sea cod

http://www.nature.com.qe2a-proxy.mun.ca/nature/journal/v411/n6834/full/411156a0.html?foxtrotcallback=true

Feeding opportunities of larval and juvenile cod ( Gadus morhua ) in a Greenlandic fjord: temporal and spatial linkages between cod and their preferred prey

https://link-springer-com.qe2a-proxy.mun.ca/article/10.1007/s00227-014-2549-9

TA: Again, I think this article is pretty well-covered as is, it's best to look for an article with a start class or stub class.

Week 6 - Finalize Your Topic

TOPIC: One-male group

There is very little information written about this topic. There is only a short description of the topic. I plan to add to the article information concerning how this type of group living developed, the costs and benefits of living in this type of group, the feeding advantages/disadvantages of individuals living in the group, the types of social relationships among individuals in the group, as well as the types of social interactions among individuals in different one-male groups.

Information that I will add to the article:

-How this type of group living developed

-The costs and benefits of living in one-male groups

-Feeding advantages/disadvantages for individuals living in the group

-Social relationships among individuals in the group

-Types of interactions between One-male groups

Bibliography

Charpentier, M., Hossaert-McKey, M., Wickings, E. J., & Peignot, P. (2005). Consequences of a one-male harem reproductive system and inbreeding in a captive group of Cercopithecus solatus. International Journal of Primatology, 26(3), 697-710. doi:10.1007/s10764-005-4375-x

-Demonstrates the consequences of living in a one-male group

Colmenares, F., Esteban, M. M., & Zaragoza, F. (2006). One-male units and clans in a colony of hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas hamadryas): effect of male number and clan cohesion on feeding success. American Journal of Primatology, 68(1), 21-37. doi:10.1002/ajp.20204

-Demonstrates the effects of living in a one-male group on feeding success

Hamilton, W. J., & Bulger, J. (1993). Origin and fate of a one-male savanna babbon group formed by fissioning. International Journal of Primatology, 14(1), 131-143. doi:10.1007/bf02196508

-Evidence for how the one-male group started

Ren, B., Li, D., Garber, P. A., & Li, M. (2012). Evidence of allomaternal nursing across one-male units in the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti). PLoS One, 7(1), e30041. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030041

-Shows evidence of interactions between one-male groups (allomaternal nursing)

Wada, K., Li, B., & Watanabe, K. (2015). Affiliative interactions between one-male units in a band of Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) living in the Qinling Mountains, China. Primates, 56(4), 327-337. doi:10.1007/s10329-015-0475-1

-Shows evidence of interatctions between one-male groups (affiliative interactions)

Wang, X., Wang, C., Qi, X., Guo, S., Zhao, H., & Li, B. (2013). A newly-found pattern of social relationships among adults within one-male units of golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxenalla) in the Qinling Mountains, China. Integrative Zoology, 8(4), 400-409. doi:10.1111/1749-4877.12026

-Shows evidence of interactions within one-male groups

-Evidence for different patterns of realtionships

Watts, D. P. (1989). Infanticide in mountain gorillas: New cases and a reconsideration of the evidence. Ethology, 81(1), 1-18. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1989.tb00754.x

-Presents evidence for disadvantages of living in one-male groups

Article Outline

Heading one (One-male group): I will add some more information to the lead section including relevant information about the sections I will be adding

Heading two (Development)

Heading three (Costs)

Subheading one:

-Infanticide

-Inbreeding

Heading four (Benefits)

Subheading one:

-Feeding Advantages (Small vs Large Clans)

Heading five (Types of Relationships Within Groups)

Subheading one:

-Female - Female relationships

-Female - Male relationships

-Patterns of Relationships

Heading six (Between Group Interactions)

Subheading one:

-Allomaternal Nursing

-Affiliative Interactions

For each section, I will provide evidence from the articles in the bibliography above to show how these sub-topics are related to one-male groups. I will talk about each section and relate it back to one-male groups.

Improving the article - Week 10 & 11

Origin of One Male Groups

A study of savanna baboons (hamadryas ursinus) indicates that the one-male groups in this species are formed by fissioning. For example, a 100 month old male entered a multi male - multi female (mm) group then formed a one-male group with eight of the adult females in the MM group. Juveniles of the species, suspected to be young of the eight adult females, also joined the new one-male group. However, when a new male successfully enters a one-male group, the social hierarchy will be changed depending on the previously determined rankings of the newly entered male. The previous resident male of the one-male group may be out-ranked and therefore placed lower on the hierarchy of males.

Clans

Two or more one-male groups can assemble together, and create higher-order ranking among the resident males. This type of group is known as a clan.

Costs

Infanticide

One of the costs of living in one-male groups is the killing of unweaned young by conspecific adult males. This is known as infanticide, and mostly occurs when adult males or coalitions of males takeover the group and kill the resident male. This is done to increase the reproductive success of the intervening males because the females are more likely to mate with them now that they need to produce new offspring. While the infanticide is an obvious cost to females, it is beneficial to the infanticidal males. Infanticide in one-male groups has been studied in the Virungas population of mountain gorillas.

Inbreeding

Another cost of living in one-male social groups is that there is a high occurrence of inbreeding. This means that closely-related individuals can mate and produce offspring. This results in decreasing genetic diversity with subsequent generations of the species. For example, inbreeding has been studied in one-male groups of sun-tailed monkeys (Cercopithecus solatus). In this study, the time between two births for females increased when an inbred offspring was born. This suggests that there could be increased maternal costs with giving birth to and rearing an inbred offspring, compared to a noninbred offspring. Inbreeding depression resulted from the decreased genetic diversity within this population, meaning that the population as a whole experienced a decrease in fitness (i.e. reproductive success). Unlike infanticide, the high occurrence of inbreeding in one-male groups is a disadvantageous to both the females and males in the group.

Benefits

Feeding Advantages

Experiments involving the hamadryas baboon species (hamadryas hamadryas) provide evidence of feeding advantages for male and female members of one-male groups. However, the findings of feeding advantages were only evident when these one-male groups formed clans. It has been shown that males from single one-male groups did not approach males that were part of clans to compete for food sources. Additionally, it was found that males from smaller clans did not approach males from bigger clans (i.e. with more one-male groups) to compete for food. Ultimately, these feeding advantages of decreased competition were seen between one-male groups, not for males within the same groups or clans. In addition, it can be said that males and females in a clan have feeding advantages compared to males and females in single one-male groups because it has been shown that the males and females in clans gain access to clumped food sources earlier than those in single one-male groups and that they spend more time with clumped food sources than the single groups.

Within One-Male Group Interactions

Female-Female Interactions

Studies of social interactions among golden snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxenalla) reveal that adult females tend to interact with each other, but they do not form strong social bonds with other females in the same one-male group.

Female-Male Interactions

It has been shown that adult female golden snub-nosed monkeys do not form strong social relationships with the resident male in the one-male group. However, the adult females tended to interact more with other adult females instead of the resident male when they were looking for social interaction.

Patterns of Social Relationships

While researchers have found that individuals in one-male groups of hamadryas baboons exhibit a pattern of social relationships called a star-shaped relationship, it has been found that gelada baboon (Theropithecus gelada) individuals in one-male groups exhibit a net-shaped relationship pattern. Interestingly, individuals in the snub-nosed monkey species exhibit a different pattern of social relationships than the two other baboon species.

Between One-Male Group Interactions

Allomaternal Nursing

In a study of social relationships among a clan (i.e. multiple one-male groups) of Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti), it was determined that the adult females of one-male groups sometimes care for the young of other one-male groups. For example, when a mother and her young offspring were accidentally separated, a mother belonging to a different one-male group cared for the young. The separated young was nursed by the adoptive mother (who also nursed her own offspring) and tolerated by the resident male of the one-male group that the offspring was now temporarily apart of.

Affiliative Interactions

Affiliative interactions between individuals of one-male groups include sitting near, grooming in front of, and handling the infants of other one-male groups. The most prevalent type of affiliative interaction seen in a study involving Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) is infant handling. This infant handling can form gatherings of multiple one-male units that forage together. This type of social structure is called a band.