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Ethanol (CH3 CH2OH), also called ethyl alcohol, and in popular parlance, simply alcohol is an organic substance obtained from the fermentation of sugars, or hydration of ethylene to acetaldehyde reduction [1] [2], found in beverages such as beer, wine and spirits, as well as in the perfume industry. In Brazil, this substance is also widely used as fuel in spark-ignition engines, thus providing a growing market for fuel obtained from renewable way and the establishment of an industry, basic chemicals, sustainable use of biomass from agriculture and energy.

Ethanol is the most common alcohols. Alcohols are compounds that have hydroxyl groups attached to sp3 carbon atoms. Can be seen as organic derivatives of water in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by an organic group.

In Brazil, the Indians produced the beer, a fermentation of manioc or fruit juice, chewed and then boiled. [3]

Production techniques of alcohol, in antiquity only restricted to the natural or spontaneous fermentation of some plant products such as sugars, began to expand from the discovery of distillation - a procedure which is due to the Arabs. Later, nineteenth-century phenomena such as industrialization further expand this market, which reaches a definitive role, at the same pace at which they develop a consumer society in the twentieth century. Its use is wide: in alcoholic beverages, pharmaceuticals, and chemical solvents, fuel or with antidote. Index [hide]

   * 1 Types and Uses
   * 2 Toxicokinetics
         2.1 Absorption and Distribution
         2.2 Metabolism and Elimination
   * 3 Effects
   * 4 Main effects of acute ethanol
         4.1 Acute
   * 5 Alcoholism and chronic toxicity
         5.1 Effects on the hematological
         5.2 Gastrointestinal System
         5.3 fetal syndrome
   * 6 See also
   * 7 Notes and references
   * 8 External links

[edit] Types and uses

   * Anhydrous - anhydrous alcohol is rather characterized by a minimum alcoholic strength of 99.3 ° (INPM), consisting only of ethanol or ethyl alcohol. It is used as fuel for vehicles (petrol C) and raw materials in manufacturing paints, solvents and varnishes.
   * Hydrated - is a mixture hidroalcólica with an alcohol content of 92.6 ° (INPM), composed of ethyl alcohol or ethanol. The use of hydrous ethanol is in the pharmaceutical industry, alcohol chemistry and beverage, automotive and cleaning products.

[edit] Toxicokinetics

Four key aspects must be considered in the study of the toxicokinetics of alcohol: absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination. Ethanol is rapidly absorbed from the stomach and intestine and is also distributed throughout the body by simple diffusion from blood into the tissues. [4] [edit] Absorption and distribution

Ethanol is a substance of low molecular weight and water soluble. When ingested is rapidly absorbed in the stomach (20%) and intestine (80%). The maximum plasma concentration occurs in a half hour to an hour and a half after ingestion. [4]

Its absorption is rapid in the early use and later falls, even if the stomach there is a high concentration of the product. The gastric emptying time and the onset of intestinal absorption can be considered the main determinants of variable rates of absorption of alcohol found in different individuals or circumstances. If a person has food in the stomach will slow the absorption of ethanol from the gut. However, when the alcohol reaches the small intestine, its absorption is rapid and complete, regardless of the presence of food. [4]

When absorbed, its distribution is fast. His hidrossolubidade causes the ethanol to pass all tissues, intra and extra cellularly depending on the concentration of water. Ethanol affects the CNS and go through the blood brain barrier [4]. [edit] Metabolism and Elimination

Metabolism occurs mainly in the liver by three enzymes: alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) catalyzes the oxidation of acetaldehyde, the CYP2E1, the main component of the hepatic microsomal ethanol oxidation (MEOS), and catalase, located in the peroxisomes of hepatocytes, responsible for only about 10% of alcohol metabolism. There is another route of metabolism of ethanol - via non-oxidative involving the esterification of ethanol with fatty acids (fatty acids) which leads to the formation of ethyl esters of fatty acids (FAEE).

The production of acetaldehyde is the main result via metabolic ADH, since this and other aldehydes are capable of forming stable adducts with proteins and may also lead to pro-inflammatory responses and pro-fibrogenic, which appear to contribute to the progression of liver damage .

The major route of biotransformation is the alcohol dehydrogenase, which has zinc and catalyzes the conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde (CH3CHO): CH3CH2OH + NAD + AD → CH3CHO + NADH + H +

The second route uses the system of microsomal oxidation (SOM), where NADPH is used instead of NAD: CH3CH2OH + NADPH + H + SOM → CH3CHO + NADP + + H2O

There is also the path of catalase, which represents 10% of the biotransformation of ethanol. In perixomas, the oxidation of ethanol led to aldehyde, so it is necessary to use hydrogen peroxide converted into water.

The oxidation of ethanol produces energy, 7 1 kcal / g [5]

The elimination, ethanol is a compound whose elimination follows a zero-order kinetics, ie, is constant, and eliminating the man to 0.1 g / kg per hour or 10 ml per hour in a normal person. [ 6] [edit] Effects

The abuse of this compound affects many organ systems, causing both acute and chronic.

Being a CNS depressant (direct action), ethanol reduces its activity: it facilitates the action of the most depressing neurotransmitter in the brain (GABA) and inhibits the action of the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain (glutamate). Focused specifically on these receptors, ethanol slows down the nervous system.

Of all the body systems, the cardiovascular system is one in which the ethanol can have both positive and negative effects.

In the liver, the excess of ethanol leads to three different pathological disorders: fatty liver (steatosis), alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis.

Excessive consumption of alcohol is the main cause of chronic pancreatitis. However, the mechanisms by which ethanol causes or sensitizes the pancreas to be subject to damage by other factors are not known.

Ethanol can also disrupt numerous regulatory processes that allow kidney function in the normal way - change the structure and function, and wipes out his ability to maintain the composition of fluids and electrolytes in the body.

Ethanol may partly contribute to the suppression of reproductive activity of males, testicular atrophy, dysfunction of the reproductive organs accessories, suppression of spermatogenesis and infertility.

You can also have direct influence on growth and development of the child - the child may be born with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). Ethanol is a drug can lead to tolerance and a high degree of dependency, both physical and psychological.

Interestingly, recent studies have shown that a low concentration of ethanol appears to have therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of human hepatocellular carcinoma by inducing apoptosis in HepG2 cells. [edit] acute effects of ethanol Ethanol in blood ethanol in the blood (grams / liter) Stage Symptoms 0.1 to 0.5 Sobriety No apparent influence 0.3 to 1.2 Euphoria loss of efficiency, decreased attention, trial and control 0.9 to 2.5 Excitation instability of emotions, muscular incoordination. Less inhibition. Loss of critical faculties 1.8 to 3.0 Confusion Dizziness, imbalance, difficulty in speech and disturbances of sensation. 2.7 to 4.0 Stupor Apathy and general stagnation. Vomiting, urinary and fecal incontinence. 3.5 to 5.0 Coma Unconsciousness, anesthesia. Death Over 5 Death Respiratory arrest

Remarks: On average 45 grams of ethanol (120 ml of liquor) on an empty stomach, are the samples had concentrations from 0.6 to 1.0 grams per liter, and after the meal concentration is 0.3 to 0.5 grams per liter. An equal content of ethanol in the form of beer (1.2 liters), it follows from 0.4 to 0.5 grams of ethanol per liter of blood, empty stomach and 0.2 to 0.3 grams per liter after a mixed meal. [edit] Acute Whiskey, a dangerous combination with energy

The central nervous system is the organ where ethanol has faster action, causing sedation, reduced anxiety, slurred speech, ataxia, disinhibition and reduced ability to trial. Although many people think that alcohol is a stimulant, in fact it is a CNS depressant. Stimulation occurring in small doses is due to the depression in the brain mechanisms of inhibition. [4]

The factors to change human behavior, cognition and motor incoordination depends on sex, dose, speed of absorption and tolerance developed. [4]

Some people after consuming considerable amount of drink, become speakers while others fold, has a bad temper, irritation or insight. You can also result in loss of control and aggression. [4]

In clinical practice, the detection of alcoholism is usually characterized by facial flushing, slurred speech, ataxia, nystagmus, irritability and difficulty concentrating, and is classified by ICD-10 (acute). If a person gets to signs of intoxication with alcohol much less the diagnosis is given as pathological intoxication. [4]

Depending on the dose a person may have amnesia. [4]

Aside from that many consume ethanol fuel, as the brand Red Bull [7] which is a stimulant at the risk of a reaction exists antagonist [8] [9] [10] or just masking the influence of alcohol. [11] [12 ] All have energy in the orientation package to avoid consuming them with any type of alcoholic beverage [13]. [edit] Alcoholism and chronic toxicity

   Crystal Clear app xmag.pngVer also: Alcoholism

Alcoholism is a chronic disease characterized by dependence on ethanol. In clinical practice, it appears that the alcoholic increasingly depends on the substance to live, developing serious physical dependence when it is withdrawn. [5]

No part of the human body is less affected from the harmful effects of alcohol. In healthy people who use alcohol socially, most of the pathological effects can be reversed. However, if consumed too much or in individuals with pre-existing pathologies, the consequences in the organs can be severe and irreversible. [4]

An alcoholic is defined as the individual who consumes more than four drinks per day, or 60 g of alcohol per day over the last six months. [5] Most consumed beverage and its concentration of ethanol Drink quantity equivalent to one drink (15 g ethanol) Beer (5% ethanol) 340 ml (600 ml of beer = approx. 30 g of alcohol) Distilled spirits (cognac, brandy, whiskey, vodka, rum and rum) (40 to 65% ethanol) 43 ml to 25 ml (1 dose = approximately 15 g of alcohol) Table wine (11% ethanol) 142 ml (1 bottle = 5.5 drinks = ~ 82 g of alcohol) Fortified wines (vermouth, Sherry, Porto) (18% ethanol) 85 ml (1 dose - about 7.5 g of alcohol)

   * In Brazil, it is prohibited, that any of drinks with strength of more than 54% of alcohol content (Decree 6871 of 4 June 2009).

[edit] Effects on the hematological Ethanol details

A deficiency of folic acid can lead to megaloblastic anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, and raise the mean corpuscular volume of the individual. [edit] Gastrointestinal System

In the gastrointestinal system, ethanol may cause cancer, especially in regions of the esophagus and stomach. The irritating action of the mucous ethanol can result gastritis and gastric and duodenal ulcers, and acute and chronic pancreatitis.

On the liver, which occurs most commonly is steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Small doses interfere with hepatic gluconeogenesis and production of fats. The liver damage may be lethal to achieve hepatic failure. [edit] fetal syndrome Alcohol consumption by pregnant women may result in fetal syndrome Various beverages

Fetal alcohol syndrome is a set of symptoms caused by the consumption of ethanol during pregnancy, including effects after the birth of a child. [14]

It is characterized by the combination of several factors, including miscarriages, mental retardation, malformations of the body, learning disability, fissures, cleft lip, newborns of low birth weight, among other problems. [14]

The factors of greatest importance in this syndrome is the ability of alcohol to cross the placental barrier and its role in any part of the human body.

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