User:BoheeLee/sandbox
This is my sandbox
[edit]I am at a training session at the University of Edinburgh.
I read about Brexit on BBC.[1][2]
- ^ "French dismiss Calais 'go-slow' Brexit fears". BBC News. 2018-10-26. Retrieved 2018-10-30.
- ^ Wheeler, Brian (2018-10-26). "Brexit and the booming British strawberry". BBC News. Retrieved 2018-10-30.
Human PapillomaVirus (HPV)
[edit]Human papillomavirus is a group of viruses transmitted through skin-to-skin contact[1]. There are more than 200 types and some types (HPV 16 and 18) are related to causing cancer[2]. The name of HPV comes from warts(papilloma) of the infected skin[1].
HPV can be transmitted from someone having HPV through vaginal, anal, or oral sex with them. HPV 16 and 18 are well-known types leading cervical cancer which is the second most common cancer in women over the world[3][4]. When HPV virus infected, in many cases, it does not induce specific symptoms, but in some cases it can cause genital warts (bump or a group of bumps) or cancer. When it comes to genital warts, it can be identified with eyes. Cervical cancer in early stage may not be easily noticed but when the cancer proceeds, main symptoms like post-menopausal bleeding, offensive vaginal discharge and inter‐menstrual bleeding can be observed[5]. Pap-smear test, also called Pap test, is useful to detect HPV infection[6]. To prevent HPV infection, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), HPV vaccination is recommended for 11 to 12 years old boys and girls[1]. Regular screening for cervical cancer is recommended for women ages 21 to 65[1].
- ^ a b c d "What is HPV?". www.cdc.gov. 2017-11-16. Retrieved 2018-11-01.
- ^ "HPV and Cancer".
- ^ de Martel, Catherine; Plummer, Martyn; Vignat, Jerome; Franceschi, Silvia (2017). "Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to HPV by site, country and HPV type". International Journal of Cancer. 141 (4): 664–670. doi:10.1002/ijc.30716. ISSN 0020-7136. PMC 5520228. PMID 28369882.
- ^ Walboomers, Jan. M. M. (1999). "Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide". Journal of Pathology. 189 (1): 12–19. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199909)189:1<12::AID-PATH431>3.0.CO;2-F. PMID 10451482. S2CID 1522249 – via Wiley.
- ^ Mwaka, Amos D.; Orach, Christopher G.; Were, Edward M.; Lyratzopoulos, Georgios; Wabinga, Henry; Roland, Martin (2015-07-23). "Awareness of cervical cancer risk factors and symptoms: cross-sectional community survey in post-conflict northern Uganda". Health Expectations. 19 (4): 854–867. doi:10.1111/hex.12382. ISSN 1369-6513. PMC 4957614. PMID 26205470.
- ^ Fahey, Michael T.; Irwig, Les; Macaskill, Petra (1995-04-01). "Meta-analysis of Pap Test Accuracy". American Journal of Epidemiology. 141 (7): 680–689. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117485. ISSN 1476-6256. PMID 7702044.