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National Imagery and Mapping Agency Act of 1996
[edit]The National Imagery and Mapping Agency Act of 1996, enacted on October 1, 1996 and codified at 10 U.S.C. 441, established the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) within the Department of Defense (DoD). The act's codification facilitated the integration of the United State's imagery and geospatial assets into a single agency.[1] The act also prescribed NIMA’s mission, organization, responsibilities, functions, relationships, and authorities.[2]
NIMA's purpose was to support the military and national customers by consolidating imagery and mapping resources.[3] Once codified, the Defense Mapping Agency (DMA), the Central Imagery Office, the National Photographic Interpretation Center, and the imagery services of various other agencies were consolidated under NIMA.[4] The reorganization unified the DMA's mapping traditions and the IMINT agency's imagery analysis and interpretation capabilities. The consolidation was consequential of the digital evolution in image processing and geographic informational management.[5]
Establishing the National Imagery and Mapping Agency Act of 1996
[edit]The idea for NIMA was first recorded in the Burnett Panel Report. The Burnett Panel was established in 1992 by the former Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) Robert Gates. The Panel's report set out to examine the structure that was guiding the Intelligence Community's imagery assets. One of the report's recommendations was to integrate imagery and mapping. There were some concerns over having an agency like NIMA, such as potential jurisdictional disputes between the agency's pillars. The Burnett Panel sought to find solutions to these concerns. [6]
Leo Hazlewood, the former CIA Deputy Director for Science and Technology, as well as various senior leaders, had thought that the support for creating NIMA had died in the early 1990s. John Deutch, the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) from 10 May 1995–15 December 1996, resurrected the idea of an agency like NIMA in April 1995. Deutch stated in his testimony to the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence that "we can no longer afford redundant capabilities in several different agencies." He was a proponent of consolidating the eight agencies and programs into one agency.[6]These agencies and programs included:
- Defense Mapping Agency (DMA)
- Central Intelligence Agency’s National Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC)
- Central Imagery Office (CIO)
- National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) Imagery Processing
- Defense Airborne Reconnaissance Office (DARO)
- Defense Intelligence Agency’s Photographic Interpretation Section (DIA/PGX)
- Defense Dissemination Program Office (DDPO)
- Central Intelligence Agency’s imagery-related elements/programs.
This idea for an agency such as NIMA was formulated during the 104th Congress. The 104th Congress saw numerous proposals in attempt to reorganize the United States Intelligence Community (IC). The House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (HPSCI) conducted a review and created IC21: Intelligence Community in the 21st Century and legislation called the Intelligence Community Act (H.R. 3237). This report was present to the House of Representative on June 13, 1996, as well as numerous other reports that sought to make the IC more corporate. Making the IC more corporate would aid in streamlining and managing budgets, missions, procedures, products and dissemination methods, as well as increase efficiency. The reports also suggested an authoritative expansion for the DCI to allow greater control over task dissemination, fund management, etc. NIMA was, therefore, a component of a larger plan to consolidate intelligence activities.[6]
Congressional Proposal
[edit]On November 28, 1995, the Secretary of Defense, the Director of Central Intelligence and Chairmen, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff sent a collaborative letter to United States Congress, among other relevant committees, stating their approval in establishing NIMA. The proposal stated that NIMA would be a single agency comprised of the Defense Mapping Agency, the Central Imagery Office, CIA's National Photographic Interpretation Center, the Defense Intelligence Agency imagery support resources, and Defense Airborne Reconnaissance Program and National Reconnaissance Program resources.[7]
NIMA would staff 9,000 persons, with about 7,000 of those from the DMA. These employees would advance technical support to military, national, and civil government customers. The proposal also outlined imagery and mapping employee development. This included opportunities for professional achievements, interdisciplinary training, and career enhancement.[7]
The three reasons for the consolidation that were outlined in the proposal included:
- "A single, streamlined and focused agency could best serve the imagery and mapping needs of a growing and increasingly diverse customer base across government;"[7]
- "The current dispersion of imagery and mapping responsibilities does not allow any one agency to exploit the tremendous potential of enhanced collection systems, digital processing technology and the prospective expansion in commercial imagery;"[7]
- "The revolution in information technology makes possible a symbiosis of imagery intelligence and mapping which can best be realized through more centralized management."[7]
The three signatories - the Secretary of Defense, the Director of Central Intelligence and Chairmen, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff - of the letter indicated that the proposed agency, NIMA, would enhance imagery and mapping support for all customers.[3]
Defense Mapping Agency
[edit]On July 1, 1972, the Defense Mapping Agency (DMA) emerged within the DoD. The agency's purpose was to consolidate mapping, charting, and geodesy efforts to improve economies and organizational efficiency. Within the DMA was the Air Force's Aeronautical Chart and Information Center operations, the U.S. Naval Hydrographic Office's charting and oceanographic services, and the Army Map Service. The DMA became a large component of NIMA following the codification of the National Imagery and Mapping Agency Act of 1996 on October 1, 1996.[7]
National Photographic Interpretation Center
[edit]The National Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC), created by Dwight D. Eisenhower on January 18 1961, was a consolidation of the CIA’s Photographic Interpretation Center and Department of Defense services.[8] NCIP became a component of NIMA following the codification of the National Imagery and Mapping Agency Act of 1996 on October 1, 1996.[9]
- ^ "National Imagery and Mapping Agency".
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|dead-url=(help) - ^ "National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA)" (PDF).
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|dead-url=(help) - ^ a b "National Imagery and Mapping Agency Proposed to Congress".
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|dead-url=(help) - ^ "United States Department of Defense, National Imagery and Mapping Agency, St. Louis, Missouri (Agency) and American Federation of Government Employees, Local 1827".
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|dead-url=(help) - ^ "Priorities for GEOINT Research at the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency".
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|dead-url=(help) - ^ a b c "Creation of the National Imagery and Mapping Agency: Congress's Role as Overseer".
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|dead-url=(help) - ^ a b c d e f "Defense Mapping Agency".
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|dead-url=(help) - ^ "Jan. 18, 1961: National Photographic Interpretation Center".
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|dead-url=(help) - ^ "Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC), United States National".
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