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West Gate Tunnel

Western Distributor

Victoria
General information
TypeFreeway  (Under construction)
Length5 km (3.1 mi)
Opened2022 (expected)
Major junctions
West end
  Footscray Road (State Route 32)
East end
Highway system

The West Gate Tunnel,[1] originally known as the Western Distributor, is a 5 kilometre toll road currently under construction in Melbourne, Australia, to link the West Gate Freeway at Yarraville with the Port of Melbourne and CityLink at Docklands via twin tunnels beneath Yarraville, as well as a bridge and elevated road section.

The $6.7 billion project[2] was proposed by infrastructure company Transurban in 2014 as a means of alleviating congestion on the M1 corridor, providing a new river crossing as an alternative to the West Gate Bridge and moving trucks out of residential streets in the city's inner west. The freeway-standard link includes two tunnels with three lanes each that are approximately 4 km long outbound and 2.8 km long inbound, a new bridge over the Maribyrnong River, and an elevated road above Footscray Road. The project will also widen the West Gate Freeway from 8 to 12 lanes between the M80 Ring Road and the West Gate Bridge.[3]

The tunnel project replaced an earlier $680 million freight route, the West Gate Distributor, which the Australian Labor Party had taken to the 2014 state election.

The Victorian government announced in December 2015 it would proceed with the project. Planning approvals were granted in December 2017 and major construction of the tunnel and elevated tollway began in January 2018. It is scheduled for completion in 2022, although delays in late 2019 and early 2020 related to disposal of contaminated soil have cast doubt on that timing.[4][5]

Background, funding and route

[edit]
Heavy vehicles queue for traffic lights on Whitehall Street, Footscray, on a route that would be bypassed by the proposed West Gate Tunnel

According to state Treasurer Tim Pallas, the project was presented to then Victorian Labor opposition in 2014 by an engineering consultancy company as a "broad idea" by Transurban;[6] although discussions with Transurban continued through that year and into 2015,[7] it remained undisclosed through the 2014 election campaign until a public announcement in April 2015 after Labor had won government.[8][9][10]

Transurban proposed that it would cover two-thirds of the estimated $5.5 billion cost of construction, with its costs recouped by tolling the road for up to 25 years and also being awarded a 10 to 15-year extension of its CityLink toll contract, which had been due to expire in 2035. The remainder of the cost would be borne by federal funds.[11][12] As part of the funding deal, Transurban was granted a 10-year extension on tolling its Melbourne roads and permitted to raise its tolls by 4.25 percent a year from July 2019.[13] Subsequent estimates are that a 10-year extension to Transurban's tolling concession on CityLink would provide Transurban with an additional $7.5 billion in tolling revenue.[14]

The Victorian government began assessing the proposal in March 2015 and announced in December that it would proceed. It said it would contribute $400 million of state funds and proposed seeking funds previously committed by the federal government to the abandoned East West Link project.[15] The decision to proceed marked the end of continued work on the government's $680 million West Gate Distributor, which in turn had been designed to replace the western section of the East West Link.[16]

The state government submitted the business case to Infrastructure Australia and the federal government in December 2015 with a request for commonwealth funding.[17] It announced the project would also include the widening of the West Gate Freeway from eight to 12 lanes between the M80 Ring Road and Williamstown Road and a $400 million widening of the Monash Freeway.[18] When the federal government in April 2016 ruled out contributing to the project, the state government said it would proceed without federal funding, allocating $1.4 billion to the project over four years.[19][20]

The proposed route has undergone some modification since plans were first released. The final plan is for eastbound traffic using the Western Distributor to exit the West Gate Freeway via a tunnel portal near Williamstown Road. Vehicles will emerge from the tunnel near Whitehall Street in Yarraville, then ascend to a new bridge over the Maribyrnong River and on to road elevated above Footscray Road, from where they will gain access to Swanson Dock at the Port of Melbourne, CityLink and the CBD via Docklands. A new link between the West Gate Freeway and Hyde Street—essentially the off-ramp and on-ramp component of the original West Gate Distributor—will allow placarded trucks carrying dangerous loads such as fuel to directly access the freeway network for either eastbound or westbound travel rather than use local streets.[21]

In April 2017 the project was re-badged as the West Gate Tunnel.[1]

Business case

[edit]

A partly-redacted business case for the Western Distributor was released in December 2015.[22] In a move that was later criticised by the Victorian Auditor-General, the business case also included lane widening and other freeway improvements on the West Gate Freeway and Monash Freeway, between 15km and 60km from the core West Gate Tunnel project. The business case concluded that the project had investment merit and would result in greater productivity, a more competitive port, less reliance on the West Gate Bridge and better liveability, particularly in the inner west. It found a benefit cost ratio (BCR) of 1.3 using "conservative state modelling" and explained: "What this means is for every $1 invested, the project will bring at least $1.30 benefit."[23] With the Monash Freeway works excluded, the BCR was 1.1.[24]

It highlighted two corridors that had been identified in the 2008 "Investing in Transport–East West Link Needs Assessment" infrastructure report by businessman Sir Rod Eddington: a northern route connecting CityLink and the M80 under Footscray, and a southern route connecting CityLink and the West Gate Freeway in the vicinity of Williamstown Road. It said rapid traffic and population growth suggested the need for both corridors in the long term, but identified the southern route as the one that would produce benefits earlier and greater over time than the northern one. It said: "The southern corridor is likely to be a medium term solution. It accommodates future construction of the northern corridor and provides the 'real option' to defer significant investment in the northern corridor for 10 to 15 years. Pathway 1 (the southern route) addresses current needs ... it would also permit enhanced planning for the northern corridor in a more considered timeframe to optimise land use in the west and provide certainty to industry and residents."[25]

The business case forecast that the tunnel project would carry approximately 25,000 to 35,000 vehicles a day in each direction across the Maribyrnong River by 2031, or a total of 50,000 to 70,000 in both directions. It said the majority of vehicles on the new route would originate from the outer west suburbs, with 20 to 25 percent of vehicles in the morning peak coming from the M80 Ring Road or Deer Park Bypass and 40 to 45 percent coming from the Princes Highway. It forecast that by 2031 16,000 to 22,000 vehicles would be taken off the West Gate Bridge as a result of the project, reducing the reliance on the West Gate Bridge for travel between the west and the CBD and eastern suburbs and providing greater redundancy in the road network. It said 9000 to 11,000 trucks a day would use the route, which would remove 4000 to 6000 trucks a day from the West Gate Bridge and 2500 to 3500 trucks from Geelong Road.[26]

The report noted that the arterial road network in Melbourne's west was used by trucks to access the port and industry in the inner west. It said: "These roads, located in largely residential areas, are disconnected, poorly configured and inadequate for such travel. Unless access is improved, the number of trucks on local inner west roads will more than double in 2031, reducing the liveability of the inner west and increasing pressure on Port activities."[27] It said the tunnel project would reduce the number of trucks using local arterial roads, leading to improved amenity in the inner west. It also recommended extended truck curfews to help achieve that, urging fulltime curfews be imposed on Francis Street and Somerville Road through Yarraville and Seddon.[28]

The project's business case provided "indicative" toll fees for using the 5 km road and tunnel of $3 for cars and $13 for trucks,[29] although Transurban said it might exempt trucks carrying dangerous placarded goods as an incentive to remove those trucks from local streets.[30] Trucks used as container shuttles might also qualify for a reduced toll price and daily cap to encourage them to avoid inner west streets.[31]

Environment Effects Statement

[edit]

In May 2017 the state government released the project's Environment Effects Statement (EES), which assessed its environmental, social and health impacts. The community was given 30 business days to review the 10,000 page document[32] and hearings began on 14 August 2017.

The report found that with port freight volumes almost doubling between 2012 and 2031, truck numbers on the West Gate Freeway, West Gate Bridge and several inner west roads would grow markedly without the project.[33]

It said the project's objectives were to improve transport performance in the M1 corridor, reduce reliance on the West Gate Bridge, improve freight access to the Port of Melbourne and greater Melbourne, and improve community amenity on local streets in the inner west.[34] The EES concluded that it met those objectives, diverting 8000 trucks a day from the bridge, providing direct freeway access to the port, removing a net 9300 trucks a day from local roads in the inner west and reducing peak period travel times across the city's primary western road corridor.[35]

Traffic impacts

[edit]

Traffic projections in the EES for the tunnel and road link revised patronage levels from those contained in the business case, with a significant increase in truck estimates. Total daily vehicle projections were now 55,000 to 67,000, which included between 13,200 and 16,200 trucks (up from 9000 to 11,000). The project's effect on West Gate Bridge truck traffic also underwent revision: its claim that 8000 trucks a day would be taken off the bridge was as much as double the 4000-6000 estimate in the business case. Although the EES cited a net reduction of 9300 trucks daily on several major roads in the inner west, it also revealed they would "increase significantly" on two key inner west residential routes—truck numbers would double on Williamstown Road, while on Millers Road they would more than triple to almost 15,000 a day.[36]

At the city end of the project, Dudley Street traffic volumes were tipped to fall slightly, but Dryburgh, Arden, Curzon, Queensberry and Victoria streets were all projected to receive between 1500 and 3500 additional vehicles a day. A widened and extended Wurundjeri Way would carry an extra 9000 vehicles a day in both directions.[37]

Health, amenity and environmental quality

[edit]

Tunnel ventilation structures were deemed to be generally compliant with environmental standards. Air quality was expected to improve near roads that would be the subject of permanent truck curfews, but increased traffic volumes on some roads, including Millers Road and Geelong Road, would have a negative effect on air quality.[38][note 1] The EES Social Impact Assessment noted the significant heavy traffic increases for both Millers and Williamstown roads were problematic for residents. Millers Road residents would suffer a decrease in safety and amenity and greater difficulty in reaching services and facilities south of the West Gate Freeway, while on Williamstown Road it would affect connectivity and travel times, as well as affecting the likelihood of cyclists and pedestrians using and crossing the road. Of Williamstown Road, the report noted: "This is a significant change for a road which has a high proportion of residential frontages, and high density residential areas east and west of the road itself."[39]

Built environment

[edit]

The EES concluded that high quality urban design, extensive landscaping and revegetation would help integrate such infrastructure as ramps, bridges, pedestrian overpasses and noise barriers with the immediate surrounds. Although some structures near the northern tunnel portals in Footscray would be higher than existing buildings, they would not have a negative effect on existing built form given the industrial character of the area. Views would change around the banks of the Maribyrnong River and Moonee Creek, but the EES claimed the backdrop of port and rail infrastructure meant the project's structures would integrate with the surrounding urban environment.[40]

Submissions

[edit]

Hobsons Bay City Council said the toll road would lead to a significant rise in truck traffic on Millers Road, which would mean "persistent noise, increased delays and degraded air quality, each negatively affecting overall quality of life".[41][42] The council, through traffic consultancy O'Brien Traffic, requested either that a tolling point on trucks on the West Gate Freeway between Grieve Parade and Melbourne Road be removed to eliminate an incentive for trucks to run through suburban streets to dodge tolls, or that trucks be banned on Millers Road, Blackshaws Road, Hudsons Road, North Road and Kororoit Creek Road east of Millers Road. It recommended upgrading Grieve Parade as the preferred truck route (via Princes Highway) to access the West Gate Freeway, with an extension northward to Market Road, Tottenham, an upgraded freeway interchange including additional ramps to and from the M80 Western Ring Road, and new west-facing ramps to Dohertys Road and Princes Freeway. The council submission also said a corridor study was required on Millers Road between Geelong Road and Blackshaws Road. Such a study would "specify future anticipated problems and conflicts between various models, identify locations of 'pinch points' and delays, and to propose improvements to mitigate impacts of aditional traffic using this route".[41][43]

Maribyrnong City Council said the project was an important opportunity to improve the health and liveability of inner west suburbs, but that components of it required a critical assessment to ensure the outcome that promoted the biggest community benefit. It submitted that both the Northern Corridor Connection (as described in the 2008 Eddington report) and the southern corridor connection (as embodied by the West Gate Tunnel) might ultimately both be required to accommodate Melbourne's future transport needs. It also sought the exploration of a new road connection to the freeway via the Paramount Road corridor in Tottenham to mitigate the effects of the tunnel project on Brooklyn residents and provide an alternative means of access to the tunnel and the port.[44]

An analysis by the City of Melbourne of the traffic modelling presented in the EES found the tunnel project would result in peak hour-like traffic conditions for 12–14 hours a day on four roads in North Melbourne, negatively affect tram performance across northern Melbourne and possibly undermine future tram improvements.[45] The council's submission was harshly critical of the EES, describing it as fundamentally flawed because it failed to investigate and document relevant alternatives for the project. It said the EES had also failed to demonstrate that the project–which it said had "many obvious flaws"–would result in net community benefit. It concluded: "In truth, this is not an EES; rather it's a sales brochure. It is designed to sell the project, and to create the illusion of independent, rigorous analysis."

The council noted that although Infrastructure Victoria had been established with the legislated purpose of providing independent and expert advice on Victoria's infrastructure needs, it had not been asked to carry out any independent assessment of the project. That fact, the council said, "should be a matter of real concern. It is yet another example of what appears to be a strategy to avoid independent scrutiny of the merits of the project".[46] The council said that although traffic modelling was fundamental to the EES, with the single most important body of information relevant to the project and its impacts, the degree of its reliability in the case of the tunnel project could not be reliably ascertained because the model was a "black box", providing outside parties with no opportunity to carry out rigorous independent peer review of its findings. The council said a peer review had been undertaken by a "partisan witness" but the results of that review had been suppressed by the Western Distributor Authority.[47][note 2]

The Maribyrnong Truck Action Group said the EES failed to acknowledge the serious health impacts of diesel particulates and accumulated exposure over a lifetime. It claimed the EES contained inaccurate and misleading air quality and modelling and out-of-date background modelling. It criticised the absence of an air filtration system for the project's tunnel and claimed the EES air quality report on tunnel air filtration displayed a lack of evidence-based research, suggesting the intention was to deliberately mislead the public. It said the EES contained misleading data about the costs and efficiencies of air filtration in the Sydney M5 East tunnel. It said half the trucks in Melbourne's inner west were pre-1995 without any exhaust emission reduction equipment.[48] MTAG found "alarming" negative community impacts resulting from increased heavy vehicle traffic on Williamstown Road, Millers Road, Blackshaws Road and the West Gate Freeway. It called for truck bans on Williamstown Road, which would experience an increase of 1500 trucks a day between Geelong Road and Somerville Road, with a resultant rise in air pollution. It also called for truck bans on Millers Road north of the freeway, where truck traffic would increase by 7000 trucks a day, as well as Hudsons Road, Spotswood west of the railway line.[49]

The Don't Destroy Millers Road residents group, comprised of residents of Brooklyn and Altona North, highlighted that although the West Gate Tunnel Authority claimed its project would remove 9300 trucks a day off residential streets in the inner west, it would result in an extra 7000 trucks a day for Millers Road, a 147 percent increase. It said that for public transport, Brooklyn was one of Melbourne's most disadvantaged suburbs and that the presence of 14,800 trucks a day would exacerbate bus reliability problems. The group called for a truck ban on Millers Road for all but local journeys, an improved Grieve Parade intersetion with the freeway and rigorous sound attenuation.[50]

Inquiry and Advisory Committee report

[edit]

A review of the EES by the Inquiry and Advisory Committee (IAC) was released on 23 October 2017. The IAC's role was to review the draft Planning Scheme Amendment and submissions, to conduct a hearing process and to report to the Minister for Planning on the adequacy and appropriateness of proposed planning controls. It reported: "On balance, considering the adverse and beneficial environmental effects overall, the IAC considers the environmental effects of the Project can be managed to an acceptable level and the Project approvals should be granted."[51]

It acknowledged repeated criticism in submissions that the project failed to address public transport matters objectives contained in the Transport Integration Act 2010, but noted the Western Distributor Authority's response that it should be seen as complementary of projects such as the Metro Tunnel rail project and level crossing removal. The IAC said the project was likely to impose significant constraints on the urban renewal area at E-Gate in West Melbourne, primarily through the elevated Wurundjeri Way extension and said a "demonstrably superior outcome" should be possible. It said the project should aim to contribute to improvements in air quality and recommended that pollution control equipment be installed on the tunnel ventilation system.[51]

The IAC said there would be an overall reduction in trucks on residential streets, producing beneficial environmental effects, although fulltime truck bans in Yarraville and Footscray would result in negative environmental effects because of a "significant increase" in truck volumes on Millers Road and Williamstown Road. It said Millers Road would suffer increasing impacts over time but that the physical and environmental capacity limits on that road had not been explored in the EES. The report said the increased truck traffic would cause "high" or "major" residual social impacts for residential communities on both roads. It recommended a corridor study be carried out on Millers Road to determine traffic management works, considering the safety, accessibility and amenity of the abutting local residential communities; it also recommended an air quality mitigation response be developed for both Millers Road and Williamstown Road.[52]

The IAC urged more work to be done to develop a solution to manage growth in truck traffic between the Brooklyn/Tottenham industrial area and the port. It added: "Planning should be commenced to determine an alternate freight route to reduce reliance on Millers Road beyond 2031."[53]

Ministerial assessment

[edit]

The Minister for Planning, Richard Wynne MP released an Assessment Report of the West Gate Tunnel Project, concluding the Environmental Effects Statement process, on 27 November 2017. He acknowledged that the project would generate both positive and negative environmental effects, but that adverse effects could be managed and minimised. He noted: "Regardless of the overall benefits, some local communities, particularly the residential communities near Millers and Williamstown Roads and Hyde Street, will suffer adverse effects" and recommended a corridor study for Millers Road to seek ways to reduce impacts to acceptable levels.[54]

Millers Road/Williamstown Road Corridor Study

[edit]

The Victorian Government announced in May 2018 that a Corridor Study Group would investigate safety and other issues in and near Millers Road and Williamstown Road in line with recommendations from the EES process.[55][56] The group met several times from September 2018[57] but was criticised by the Save Willy Road residents' action group as a "sham," with claims it had been "hijacked" by VicRoads to make it easier for freight trucks to use Williamstown Road, while failing to address concerns about safety and amenity.[58][59][60] The Corridor Study Group was terminated in January 2020 without producing any recommendations on mitigation strategies.[61]

Construction

[edit]

Preparatory work on the project began in early 2018 with the diversion of a 600 metre section of the brick North Yarra Main Sewer under Whitehall Street; that work finished in September 2019.[62] Lane widening work on the West Gate Freeway began in February 2018.[63] A "cut and cover" method was chosen for the entry and exit of each of the two tunnels and the first of two 450-tonne tunnel boring machines was lowered into a launch site at the northern portal in Yarraville in August 2019. Tunnelling work was to begin first on the 4km outbound tunnel, with work on the 2.8km inbound tunnel to follow soon after, although soil contamination issues meant that by February 2020 boring work was yet to begin. The longer tunnel was expected to take about 18 months to bore, with 1.5 million cubic metres of rock and soil needing disposal at landfill sites.[64][65][66] Work began in 2019 for the foundations of a new bridge over the Maribyrnong River and the elevated section of road on Footscray Road.[67]

Contaminated soil

[edit]

The presence of contaminated soil from past industrial use in the project area and its impact was raised during the EES hearings and final Inquiry and Advisory Committee report.[68][69] In mid-2019 the joint venture responsible for building the project—CPB Contractors and John Holland Group—reportedly sent Transurban a letter of intent, claiming they were confronted with a force majeure event, an unforseeable circumstance that made it impossible to fulfil the terms of their contract, because of difficulties in disposing of soil contaminated with PFAS. They claimed the volume of contaminated soil was greater than expected, and that the rules of how to dispose of it had become stricter since work had begun. They demanded Transurban cover the additional costs of dealing with it—a figure reported to be about $500 million.[70] In late January 2020 the companies claimed that because the issue had not been solved within six months, they planned to terminate the contract. As the dispute escalated, 140 tunnel workers were laid off.[65][14] Soil samples taken near Mackenzie Road in Footscray, where the tunnel's road ramps are to go, reportedly showed contamination between 112 and 2000 times the acceptable level in drinking water. Fears were held contaminants could leach into the water table.[71]

Concerns over the possible disposal site of the contaminated soil sparked protests in Bacchus Marsh[72] and Werribee.[73]

Auditor-General's analysis

[edit]

A report by the Victorian Auditor-General's Office on the operation of market-led proposals tabled in November 2019[13] criticised the West Gate Tunnel project, concluding the government had approved the new tunnel without sufficient proof that Transurban's market-led proposal demonstrated value for money and "unique qualities". The report said Treasury Department officials failed to warn the government that extending CityLink tolling could "create an unintended monopoly advantage for Transurban". It said Treasury officials also failed to properly consider a range of alternative project options, or other ways–apart from extending Transurban's tolling on CityLink–to pay for the new road. "The business case was not sufficiently comprehensive and so undermined one of its key purposes–to provide confidence to decision-makers that they are selecting the right investment option," the audit said.

Auditor-General Andrew Greaves argued funds to build the road could have been raised through other means. The state government could have increased taxes, borrowed the money, taken control of CityLink tolling, or opened it up to competitive tender, he said. The report said including the Monash Freeway upgrade "lacked a convincing rationale" and coupled with a series of other abnormal additions might have inflated the project's benefits on paper. That meant the government "could not be assured that benefits had not been overstated", Mr Greaves said.[74]

Pallas rejected the Auditor-General's findings, describing the report as "subjective opinion". "It is illogical, incoherent and in many places impossible to implement," he said.[74]

Criticism

[edit]

The project has been criticised by transport and urban planning experts, for overstating the benefits, increasing traffic in the inner city, and not considering better alternatives.[75] They have also criticised the lack of transparency in the planning process, and the lack of independent and democratic review.[76] In December 2017 the Coalition and the Greens vowed to block the project.[77]

Official projections for a significant increase in truck traffic on Millers Road and Williamstown Road once the tunnel opens led to the formation of two resident action groups, Don't Destroy Millers Road and Save Willy Road,[61][78] which have expressed concerns about further degradation of air quality and called for freight truck bans on those roads.[79] Maribyrnong City Council voted in July 2019 to advocate for truck bans on Williamstown Road and urged the state government to begin design and development of an alternative north-south freight route outside of residential areas.[80][81]

In December 2017, the University of Melbourne and the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology's Centre for Urban Research released a report, West Gate Tunnel: Another Case of Tunnel Vision, criticising the Andrews Government for proceeding with the West Gate Tunnel and the North East Link, claiming "secrecy" around traffic modelling raised doubts over the accuracy of the project's predictions and assumptions. It claimed the project could hinder public transport usage and accessibility and also asserted that it would do nothing to improve the east-west capacity of the M1 corridor because the "pinch point" of the CityLink tunnels would remain its main determinant.[82][75] The report was accompanied by an open letter to Andrews and all Victorian MPs signed by 28 academics asking the government to reconsider building the tunnel project because of concerns about an inability to meet its objectives; project overreach and overstatement of benefits; the adequacy of planning processes and planning strategies; and the opacity of the market-led process.

In evidence to a 2017 senate committee hearing on the operations of toll roads,[83] transport planner William McDougall gave evidence that in 2015 he was contracted by the Victorian government to support an externally-appointed peer reviewer for the tunnel project's transport modelling and to undertake a peer review of its cost-benefit analysis. He became convinced both the transport modelling and cost-benefit analysis were flawed and would not stand up to scrutiny. After raising concerns with state Treasurer Tim Pallas he was taken off the project's work. His submission to the senate committee claimed the transport modelling had been "fudged" and the cost-benefit analysis overstated the project's benefits. He wrote that the work for the project were "biased towards producing bullish forecasts and optimistic and financial projections ...my direct experience as a reviewer confirmed my long-held suspicions of substantial 'optimism bias' in the appraisal process".[84][85]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ EES findings on Williamstown Road indicate the level of conflicting information in technical reports on transport, air quality and human health impacts. While Technical Reports A (transport impacts, p.346) and L (Social impacts, p. 49) noted trucks would increase by 1500 a day, and maps in Technical Report A (p.116, 345) indicate the increase could be as much as 2100 trucks a day, or almost double the 2016 figure, Technical Report G (air quality, p.162, 213) stated the increase was just 750 trucks a day, or a 56 percent rise, but also said pollution concentrations would fall on Williamstown Road "due to the reduction in HCVs".
  2. ^ Melbourne City Council lodged a formal request with the Inquiry and Advisory Committee that it direct the Western Distributor Authority to produce the peer review by John Allard of the Veitch Lister Consulting Zenith traffic modelling in order to assess its reliability. The IAC accepted the relevance of the VLC Zenith modelling to the project but accepted submissions from the WDA that they fell into the category of Cabinet documents and their disclosure would therefore be contrary to the public interest. See IAC ruling, 7 September 2017.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Only The Best For The West With 6000 New Jobs". Premier of Victoria. 2 April 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
  2. ^ Market-led Proposals (PDF), Victorian Auditor-General's Office, 2019, p. 52
  3. ^ "West Gate Tunnel Project design overview". West Gate Tunnel Project. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  4. ^ Premier threatens Transurban's 10-year tolling deal over West Gate Tunnel debacle
  5. ^ Hatch, Patrick (2 April 2020). "Transurban scraps dividend forecast as COVID-19 pandemic empties roads". The Age. Melbourne. p. 24. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  6. ^ Tim Pallas interviewed by Neil Mitchell, 3AW, 28 November 2019
  7. ^ "2", Market-led proposals, Melbourne: Victorian Auditor-General's Office, November 2019, p. 35{{citation}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  8. ^ Andrews, Daniel (30 April 2015). "New project to reduce congestion on West Gate Bridge progresses" (Press release). Melbourne: Victorian Government. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  9. ^ Savage, Alison (30 April 2015). "Tolled tunnel to link West Gate Freeway, CityLink considered by Victorian Government". ABC News. Melbourne. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  10. ^ Lucas, Clay (5 January 2016). "Environmental study for $5.5b road to start in weeks – but no final route set". The Age. Melbourne.
  11. ^ Gordon, Josh; Willingham, Richard (1 May 2015). "New toll road aimed at ending West Gate crush". The Age. Melbourne. pp. 2–3.
  12. ^ Carey, Adam (19 September 2015). "Transurban adds truck ramp to toll road design". The Age. Melbourne. p. 9.
  13. ^ a b "Market led proposals". Victorian Auditor-General's Office. Victorian government. 27 November 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  14. ^ a b Jacks, Timna; Preiss, Benjamin (31 January 2020). "Premier told to get tough on toll giant". The Age. Melbourne. pp. 1, 6. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  15. ^ Ainsworth, Michelle (22 September 2015). "Tunnel funnelled". The Herald Sun. Melbourne. p. 13.
  16. ^ Lucas, Clay (30 June 2015). "$5.5b freeway or truck ramps: decision by December". The Age. Melbourne. p. 8.
  17. ^ "Road projects cash plea". The Herald Sun. Melbourne. 3 December 2015. p. 2.
  18. ^ Cite error: The named reference approved was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  19. ^ "Victorian Government to fund Western Distributor toll road after Commonwealth refuses". ABC News. Melbourne. 14 April 2016.
  20. ^ Gordon, Josh (15 April 2016). "Victoria to go it alone on $5.5 billion Western Distributor project". The Age. Melbourne. pp. 4, 5.
  21. ^ Johnston, Matt (18 September 2015). "Road to relief for inner west". The Herald Sun. Melbourne. p. 2.
  22. ^ Andrews, Daniel (8 December 2015). "Western Distributor Project Gets the Green Light" (Press release). Melbourne: Victorian Government. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  23. ^ Western Distributor and Monash Freeway Upgrade: Key findings from the business case (PDF), Victorian state government, December 2015, p. 2, retrieved 9 March 2020
  24. ^ Western Distributor Business Case (PDF), Victorian government, November 2015, p. 190, retrieved 10 March 2020
  25. ^ Western Distributor Business Case (PDF), Victorian government, November 2015, pp. 12–14, retrieved 10 March 2020
  26. ^ Western Distributor Business Case (PDF), Victorian government, November 2015, pp. 147–150, 162, retrieved 10 March 2020
  27. ^ Western Distributor Business Case (PDF), Victorian government, November 2015, p. 11, retrieved 10 March 2020
  28. ^ Western Distributor Business Case (PDF), Victorian government, November 2015, p. 162, retrieved 10 March 2020
  29. ^ Cite error: The named reference great was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  30. ^ Devics, Alex (30 September 2015). "Western Distributor: Trucks could be exempt from tolls". The Herald Sun. Melbourne.
  31. ^ Western Distributor Business Case (PDF), Victorian government, November 2015, pp. 111, 112, retrieved 10 March 2020
  32. ^ "Environment Effects Statement – West Gate Tunnel Project". westgatetunnelproject.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 2017-06-16.
  33. ^ Technical Report A: West Gate Tunnel Transport Impact Assessment (PDF), Melbourne: Western Distributor Authority, May 2017, p. 150{{citation}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  34. ^ West Gate Tunnel Environment Effects Statement - Introduction (PDF), Melbourne: Western Distributor Authority, May 2017, pp. 2–3{{citation}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  35. ^ West Gate Tunnel Environment Effects Statement, Chapter 9: Meeting our obligations (PDF), Melbourne: Western Distributor Authority, May 2017, p. 2{{citation}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  36. ^ Technical Report A: West Gate Tunnel Transport Impact Assessment (PDF), Melbourne: Western Distributor Authority, May 2017, pp. 116, 341, 344, 345, 346{{citation}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  37. ^ Technical Report A: West Gate Tunnel Transport Impact Assessment (PDF), Melbourne: Western Distributor Authority, May 2017, pp. 20, 229, 240, 253, 254{{citation}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  38. ^ Technical Report J: Human Health Impact Assessment (PDF), Melbourne: Western Distributor Authority, May 2017, p. 75{{citation}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  39. ^ Technical Report L: Social Impact Assessment (PDF), Melbourne: Western Distributor Authority, May 2017, p. 49{{citation}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  40. ^ West Gate Tunnel Environment Effects Statement, Chapter 9: Meeting our obligations (PDF), Melbourne: Western Distributor Authority, May 2017, p. 4{{citation}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  41. ^ a b O'Brien Traffic (August 2017), Evidence statement (PDF), O'Brien Traffic, pp. 29, 42, 45–49, retrieved 27 March 2020
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