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A hexapod robot

Legged robots are a type of mobile robot which use mechanical limbs for movement. They are more versatile than wheeled robots and can traverse many different terrains, though these advantages require increased complexity and power consumption. Legged robots often imitate legged animals, such as humans or insects, in an example of biomimicry.

Types

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Legged robots can be categorized by the number of limbs they use, which determines gaits available. Many-legged robots tend to be more stable, while fewer legs lends itself to greater maneuverability.

One-legged

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One-legged, or pogo stick robots use a hopping motion for navigation. In the 1980s, Carnegie Mellon University developed a one-legged robot to study balance.[1] Berkeley's SALTO is another example.[2][3][4][5]

Two-legged

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Main articles: Humanoid robot and Chicken walker
ASIMO - a bipedal robot

Bipedal or two-legged robots exhibit bipedal motion. As such, they face two primary problems:

  1. stability control, which refers to a robot's balance, and
  2. motion control, which refers to a robot's ability to move.

Stability control is particularly difficult for bipedal systems, which must maintain balance in the forward-backward direction even at rest.[Note 1] Some robots, especially toys, solve this problem with large feet, which provide greater stability while reducing mobility. Alternatively, more advanced systems use sensors such as accelerometers or gyroscopes to provide dynamic feedback in a fashion that approximates a human being's balance.[Note 2] Such sensors are also employed for motion control and walking. The complexity of these tasks lends itself to machine learning.[Note 3]

Simple bipedal motion can be approximated by a rolling polygon where the length of each side matches that of a single step. As the step length grows shorter, the number of sides increases and the motion approaches that of a circle. This connects bipedal motion to wheeled motion as a limit of stride length.[Note 4]

Two-legged robots include:

  • Toy robots such as QRIO and ASIMO.
  • NASA's Valkyrie robot, intended to aid humans on Mars.[6]
  • The ping-pong playing TOPIO robot.

Four-legged

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Quadruped robot "Big Dog" is being developed as a mule that can traverse difficult terrain

Quadrupedal or four-legged robots exhibit quadrupedal motion. They benefit from increased stability over bipedal robots, especially during movement. At slow speeds, a quadrupedal robot may move only one leg at a time, ensuring a stable tripod. Four-legged robots also benefit from a lower center of gravity than two-legged systems.[Note 5]

Four legged robots include:

  • The TITAN series, developed since the 1980s by the Hirose-Yoneda Laboratory.[Note 6]
  • The dynamically stable BigDog, developed in 2005 by Boston Dynamics, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and the Harvard University Concord Field Station.[7]
  • BigDog's successor, the LS3.

Six-legged

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Main article: Hexapod (robotics)

Six-legged robots, or hexapods, are motivated by a desire for even greater stability than bipedal or quadrupedal robots. Their final designs often mimic the mechanics of insects, and their gaits may be categorized similarly. These include:

  • Wave gait: the slowest gait, in which pairs of legs move in a "wave" from the back to the front.
  • Tripod gait: a slightly faster step, in which three legs move at once. The remaining three legs provide a stable tripod for the robot.[Note 7]

Six-legged robots include:

  • Odex, a 375-pound hexapod developed by Odetics in the 1980s. Odex distinguished itself with its onboard computers, which controlled each leg.[1]
  • Genghis, one of the earliest autonomous six-legged robots, was developed at MIT by Rodney Brooks in the 1980s.[Note 8][8]
  • The modern toy series, Hexbug.

Eight-legged

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Eight-legged legged robots are inspired by spiders and other arachnids, as well as some underwater walkers. They offer by far the greatest stability, which enabled some early successes with legged robots.[Note 9]

Eight-legged robots include:

Hybrids

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Some robots use a combination of legs and wheels. This grants a machine the speed and energy efficiency of wheeled locomotion as well as the mobility of legged navigation. Boston Dynamics' Handle, a bipedal robot with wheels on both legs, is one example.[10]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Bekey 2005 p. 253.
  2. ^ Bekey 2005 p. 262.
  3. ^ Wang et al. 2006 p. 172.
  4. ^ Wang 2006 p. 173.
  5. ^ Bekey 2005 p. 304.
  6. ^ Bekey 2005. p. 308.
  7. ^ Bekey 2005 p. 291.
  8. ^ Bekey 2005 p. 295.
  9. ^ a b Bekey 2005 p. 328.

References

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  1. ^ a b Britton, Peter (September 1984). "Engineering the new breed of walking machines". Popular Science. Vol. 225, no. 3. pp. 67–69.
  2. ^ Israel, Brett; 6, Media relations; 20, 2016March; 2017 (2016-12-06). "Wall-jumping robot is most vertically agile ever built". Berkeley News. Retrieved 2017-06-07. {{cite web}}: |last2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Jason Falconer. "Two-part “stutter jumps” could reduce jumping robot power consumption". 2012.
  4. ^ Byron Spice. "BowGo! CMU robotics researchers develop a pogo stick that aims high". 2001.
  5. ^ Liv. "Explosive Pogo Stick Robot Leaps Over 25-Foot Obstacles" 2009
  6. ^ Subbaraman, Nidhi. 2013. “‘Hero’ Humanoid Valkyrie Is NASA’s Newest Biped Robot.” NBC News. December 11.
  7. ^ "BigDog - The Most Advanced Rough-Terrain Robot on Earth". Boston Dynamics. Retrieved 2017-06-07.
  8. ^ Brooks, R. (1989). A robot that walks: Emergent behaviors from a carefully evolved network. Neural Computation 1(2): 253-262; reprinted in R. Brooks, Cambrian Intelligence: The Early History of the New AI (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press), chap. 2.
  9. ^ Walsh, Michael (2017-02-11). "Giant Robot Spiders Will Soon Rule Us All". Nerdist. Retrieved 2017-06-07.
  10. ^ Ackerman, Erico Guizzo and Evan (2017-02-27). "Boston Dynamics Officially Unveils Its Wheel-Leg Robot: "Best of Both Worlds"". IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News. Retrieved 2017-06-07.


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