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User:Benjah-bmm27/degree/3/PB

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Soft matter, PB

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Length scales

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  • Specific surface area (total surface area ÷ total mass) is proportional to 1/R
    • Colloid particles have a much higher specific surface area than bulk droplets
    • Colloids particles are therefore much higher in energy, as extra surface area costs energy (ΔG = γΔA)
  • Yield stress is proportional to 1/R3
    • Colloid particles have fewer bonds per unit volume, resulting in much lower yield stresses

Van der Waals attractions

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VdW attractions in a vacuum

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  • The energy of a van der Waals attraction is proportional to 1/r6
    • VdW attractions are much stronger at short range – they rapidly diminish as the separation, r, between the two interacting atoms or molecules increases

VdW attractions in a medium

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  • Molecules in dielectrics – attractions depends on excess polarizability
    • If the difference between the dielectric constant of molecules and of the medium is large, vdW attractions between molecules are strong
    • If the dielectric constants of the molecules and the medium are similar, vdW attractions between molecules are weak
  • The energy of vdW attractions in a medium is proportional to (ε2−ε1)2 and to 1/r6
  • Such energy is usually expressed in terms of the Hamaker constant, A21
  • VdW forces between identical molecules are always attractive
  • The Hamaker constant for vdW attraction (A21) between molecules in a medium depends on the Hamaker constants for the molecules (A2) and the medium (A1) in a vacuum:
  • In the limit of large separation h between two colloid particles each of radius R,

The electrical double layer

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The rest

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