User:Benjah-bmm27/degree/3/PB
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Soft matter, PB
[edit]Length scales
[edit]- Specific surface area (total surface area ÷ total mass) is proportional to 1/R
- Colloid particles have a much higher specific surface area than bulk droplets
- Colloids particles are therefore much higher in energy, as extra surface area costs energy (ΔG = γΔA)
- Yield stress is proportional to 1/R3
- Colloid particles have fewer bonds per unit volume, resulting in much lower yield stresses
Van der Waals attractions
[edit]VdW attractions in a vacuum
[edit]- Van der Waals forces are quantum mechanical in origin
- An instantaneous dipole in an atom or molecule (1) can induce a dipole in a nearby atom or molecule (2)
- The strength of the induced dipole is proportional to the polarizability of atom or molecule 2
- The energy of a van der Waals attraction is proportional to 1/r6
- VdW attractions are much stronger at short range – they rapidly diminish as the separation, r, between the two interacting atoms or molecules increases
VdW attractions in a medium
[edit]- Molecules in dielectrics – attractions depends on excess polarizability
- If the difference between the dielectric constant of molecules and of the medium is large, vdW attractions between molecules are strong
- If the dielectric constants of the molecules and the medium are similar, vdW attractions between molecules are weak
- The energy of vdW attractions in a medium is proportional to (ε2−ε1)2 and to 1/r6
- Such energy is usually expressed in terms of the Hamaker constant, A21
- VdW forces between identical molecules are always attractive
- The Hamaker constant for vdW attraction (A21) between molecules in a medium depends on the Hamaker constants for the molecules (A2) and the medium (A1) in a vacuum:
- In the limit of large separation h between two colloid particles each of radius R,
The electrical double layer
[edit]- Electrical double layer: Stern layer + diffuse ionic atmosphere
- Competing forces trying to:
- Minimize charge repulsions
- Maximize entropy
- The thickness of the double layer is given the symbol κ−1
The rest
[edit]- Hardcore, detailed, postgraduate-and-beyond-level textbook:
Intermolecular and Surface Forces, 2nd Edition, With Applications to Colloidal and Biological Systems by Jacob Israelachvili