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Fatigue of a Welded Joint (DRAFT)
[edit]Welding is a manufacturing method used to join various materials in order to form an assembly. During welding, joints are formed between two or more separate pieces of material. If this welded joint is subjected to cyclic loading, failure due to fatigue could result.[1] This cyclic loading, in addition to strains in the material, make up what is described as fatigue.[1] Throughout a welded assemblies life, cracks which reduce the fatigue life of a joint could initiate, propagate, and grow causing the assembly to fail even if these cyclic stresses are low and smaller than the base material and weld filler material yield stress.[1] Hence, the fatigue strength of a welded joint does not correlate to the fatigue strength of the base material.[1] Incorporating design considerations in the development phase can reduce failures due to fatigue in welded joints.[2]
Stress Life Method
[edit]
Similar to high cycle fatigue analysis, the stress life method utilizing stress-cycle curves (also known as Wöhler curves) can be used to determine the strength of a welded joint under fatigue loading. Welded sample specimens undergo repeated loading at a specified stress amplitude, or fatigue strength, until the material fails.[3] This same test is then repeated with various stress amplitudes in order to determine its corresponding cycles, N, to failure. With the data collected, fatigue strength can be plotted against the corresponding number of cycles for a specific material, welded joint and loading.[3] From these curves, the endurance limit, finite-life and infinite-life region can then be determined.[3]
Factors Affecting Fatigue
[edit]Welding Residual Stresses
[edit]During the welding process, residual stresses can present themselves in the area of the weld, either in the heat affected zone or fusion zone. The mean stress, which a welded joint may see in application, can be altered due to the welding processes implementing residual stresses, changing the fatigue life and can scatter S-N laboratory testing results.[2] Welded assemblies, with geometrical imperfections, when connected through a welding process, can also introduce residual stresses.[2] Removal of residual stresses by stress relief methods can only be partially achieved.[2] Long range residual stresses can still remain in a welded joint even after some of these stress relief methods have been achieved.[2]
Member Thickness
[edit]An increase in thickness of a base material decreases the fatigue strength when a crack propagates from the toe of a welded joint.[2] This is due to an increase in residual stress concentrations in thick material cross sections.[2]
Material Type
[edit]All materials have varying physical and mechanical properties. As a materials ultimate tensile strength increases, this does not lead to an increase in fatigue strength.[2] This is not the case when evaluating materials that do not contain welded joints.[2] Therefore stress-cycle curves for welded joints cannot be correlated to the materials ultimate tensile strength. A majority of materials are still being studied, such as aluminum, however most design information was developed for structural steels.[2]
Welding Process
[edit]Many welding processes are available for various applications and environments. Unfortunately, stress-cycle curves are not available for all of these processes and still need to be developed so that proper fatigue analysis can be performed.[2] The most abundant process found in stress-cycle curves is developed from specimens prepared by arc welding.
Surrounding Environment
[edit]The effects of the surrounding environment can effect the fatigue life of a welded assembly, often lowering it.[2] Points such as temperature, moisture, geographical location and many more are considered part of the surrounding environment. Environments which contain sea water may see decreased fatigue life due to the increase in crack growth rates.[2] Very little information is available in this area, but it is known that if a base material is subjected to corrosion, the fatigue strength can decrease to what is similarly found in welded joints.[2]
Avoiding Fatigue Failures of a Welded Joint
[edit]Since the presence of cracks reduces fatigue life and accelerates failure, it is important to avoid all cracking mechanisms in order to prolong the fatigue life of a welded joint.[4] Other weld defects, such as inclusions and lack of penetration, should also be avoided.[5] Detailed review of the welded joint during the design is another way to reduce failures. Ensuring that the design is able to handle the cyclic loading profile will prevent premature failures.[5] Additional resources through design handbooks are also available to aid in designing the welded joint to optimize fatigue life.[5] Finite element analysis can also be used to successfully predict fatigue failure.[4]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Tom., Lassen (2013). Fatigue Life Analyses of Welded Structures : Flaws. Récho, Naman. Somerset: Wiley. ISBN 9781118614709. OCLC 929525641.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Maddox, Stephen (January–March 2000). "Fatigue Design Ruled for Welded Structures". Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials. 2 (1): 102–109. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1528-2716(200001/03)2:1<102::AID-PSE12>3.0.CO;2-A – via John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
- ^ a b c Gordon), Budynas, Richard G. (Richard (2008). Shigley's mechanical engineering design. Nisbett, J. Keith., Shigley, Joseph Edward. (8th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 9780073312606. OCLC 70836665.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Martin, T. "Fatigue Design of Welded Joints Using the Finite Element Method and the 2007 ASME Div. 2 Master Curve". Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Pharma (Italy).
- ^ a b c "What is fatigue failure and how can it be avoided?".