User:Bamse/List of National Treasures (residences)
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[edit]The foundations for the design of today's traditional Japanese residential houses with tatami floors were established in the late Muromachi period and refined during the ensuing Momoyama period.[1][2] Influenced by zen Buddhism, a new architectural style, shoin-zukuri, developed during that time from the shinden-zukuri of Heian period palaces and subsequent residential style of the warrior class in the Kamakura period.[3][4][1] The term 書院 (shoin) meaning study or drawing room has been used to denote reception rooms in residences of the military elite as well as study rooms at monasteries.[1][5] A shoin consists of a core area surrounded by a number of aisles, areas separated by fusuma sliding doors, shōji room partitions made of paper on a wooden frame or their wooden equivalents, mairado (舞良戸) and sugido (杉戸).[3] Characteristic features of main reception rooms include: a recessed alcove (tokonoma), staggered shelves, built-in desks and ornate sliding doors.[1][3] Generally they are laid with wall-to-wall tatami, have square beveled pillars, coved and/or coffered ceilings and wooden shutters against rain (雨戸, amado).[1][3] Also the entrance hall (genkan) emerged during the Momoyama period as an element of residential architecture.[3] The oldest extant shoin style building is the Tōgu-dō at Ginkaku-ji from 1485. Other representative examples of early shoin style, also called shuden, include two guest halls at Mii-dera.[6] In the early Edo period, shoin-zukuri reached its peak and spread to all kind of residential buildings.[2] Ninomaru Palace at Nijō Castle and the shoin at Nishi Hongan-ji are characterisitc for the formal shoin-style of this period.[7][2]
Parallel with the grandiose shoin-zukuri, another architectural style with opposed views was realised in the architecture of tea houses for the tea ceremony. In the 16th century Sen no Rikyū established dedicated "grass hut" (草庵, sōan) style teahouses characterised by their small size, typically 2 to 8 mat, the use of natural materials and their rustic appearance.[8] This teahouse style, exemplified by the Joan and Taian teahouses, was influenced by Japanese farmhouse style and the shoin style[9] featuring tatami matted floors, recessed alcoves (tokonoma) and one or more ante chambers for preparations.[9]
By the beginning of the Edo period, the shoin and the teahouse style were adopting features of each other[10] resulting in an informal version of the shoin style, called sukiya-zukuri (数寄屋造).[11][12] It is characterised by a design based on the decorative alcove and shelf, the use of woods like cedar, pine, hemlock or bamboo besides cypress, often with rough surfaces including the bark.[12] Compared to shoin style, roof eaves in sukiya style bend downward.[11] While the shoin style was good for ceremonial architecture, it was too imposing for residential buildings. Consequently sukiya style was favoured for the mansions of aristocracy and samurai after the beginning of the Edo period.[12][13] Examples of sukiya style architecture are found at the Katsura Imperial Villa and the Black Study Hall of Nishi Hongan-ji.
The term "National Treasure" has been used in Japan to denote cultural properties since 1897.[14] The definition and the criteria have changed since the inception of the term. These residential structures adhere to the current definition, and were designated national treasures when the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties was implemented on June 9, 1951. The items are selected by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology based on their "especially high historical or artistic value".[15][16] This list presents 14[nb 1] entries of residential structures from 15th-century feudal Muromachi period to the early modern 17th-century Edo period. The structures listed include teahouses, shoin, guest or reception halls and other rooms which are part of Japanese domestic architecture. Most of the structures are located in temples, one is a castle.[16]
sukiya-zukuri
[edit]- disciples of sen rikyu employed either souan style or larger less rustic shoin style for their tea houses[10]
rest
[edit]- shinden-zukuri (aristocracy, heian period)
- buke-zukuri (warriors, kamakura period)
- shoin-zukuri
- Sukiya-zukuri
- Bruno Taut
- development of shoin style (priest residences)
- heian period priests were mainly from aristocracy -> aristocratic shinden style also in pries residences[1]
- in late heian and kamakura period new types of buddhism developed who also had commoner priests who could not afford shinden style -> simpler shoin style developed[1]
- Muromachi period
Shoin-zukuri
[edit]- Edo period
- in list
- shinden-zukuri (parts of sanboin)
- karamon gate
- tearoom style (joan, taian)
shoin (togu-do, 2 guest halls at mii-dera, ninomaru palace, shoin at honganji, lower part of ginkaku, 1st floor of hiunkaku, kanchiin at to-ji) (parts of sanboin)
- sukiya (kuroshoin at honganji)
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g Young & Young 2007, p. 80
- ^ a b c Young & Young 2007, p. 81
- ^ a b c d e "shoinzukuri". JAANUS - Japanese Architecture and Art Net User System. Retrieved 2009-11-17.
- ^ Young & Young 2007, p. 79
- ^ "shoin". JAANUS - Japanese Architecture and Art Net User System. Retrieved 2009-11-17.
- ^ Nishi & Hozumi 1996, p. 76
- ^ Nishi & Hozumi 1996, p. 75
- ^ "souan". JAANUS - Japanese Architecture and Art Net User System. Retrieved 2009-11-17.
- ^ a b Young, Young & Yew 2004, p. 63
- ^ a b Young & Young 2007, p. 90
- ^ a b Young, Young & Yew 2004, p. 100
- ^ a b c "sukiyazukuri". JAANUS - Japanese Architecture and Art Net User System. Retrieved 2009-11-17.
- ^ Nishi & Hozumi 1996, p. 78
- ^ Coaldrake, William Howard (2002) [1996]. Architecture and authority in Japan. London, New York: Routledge. p. 248. ISBN 0-415-05754-X. Retrieved 2009-11-01.
- ^ "Cultural Properties for Future Generations" (PDF). Tokyo, Japan: Agency for Cultural Affairs, Cultural Properties Department. June 2007. Retrieved 2009-09-15.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ a b "国指定文化財 データベース". Database of National Cultural Properties (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. 2008-11-01. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
Bibliography
[edit]- Young, David; Young, Michiko (2007) [2004]. The art of Japanese architecture. Architecture and Interior Design (illustrated, revised ed.). Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-0804838382. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Young, David; Young, Michiko Kimura; Yew, Tan Hong (2004). Introduction to Japanese architecture. Periplus Asian architecture (illustrated ed.). Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0794601006. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Nishi, Kazuo; Hozumi, Kazuo (1996) [1983]. What is Japanese architecture? (illustrated ed.). Kodansha International. ISBN 4770019920. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
What is Japanese architecture?, Architecture and authority in Japan, jaanus sukiya-zukuri, jaanus shoin, jaanus shoin-zukuri, shinden-zukuri
statistics
[edit]| Prefecture | City | Compound | National Treasures |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aichi | Inuyama | Urakuen (有楽苑) | Joan (如庵) |
| Kyoto | Kyoto | Ginkaku-ji | Silver Pavilion (銀閣, ginkaku) |
| Tōgu-dō (東求堂) | |||
| Nijō Castle | Ninomaru Palace | ||
| Nishi Hongan-ji | Black study hall (黒書院, kuroshoin) and Denrō gallery (黒書院, denrō) | ||
| Flying Cloud Pavillion (飛雲閣, hiunkaku) | |||
| Shoin (書院) | |||
| Ryōkō-in (竜光院) (Daitoku-ji) | Shoin (書院) | ||
| Sanbō-in | Karamon (唐門) | ||
| Main drawing room (表書院, omote shoin) | |||
| Tō-ji | Kanchiin Guest Hall (観智院客殿, kanchiin kyakuden) | ||
| Ōyamazaki | Myōkian (妙喜庵) | Taian (待庵) | |
| Shiga | Ōtsu | Mii-dera | Kangakuin Guest Hall (勧学院客殿, kangakuin kyakuden) |
| Kōjōin Guest Hall (光浄院客殿, kōjōin kyakuden) |
small table
[edit]| Prefecture | City | National Treasures |
|---|---|---|
| Aichi | Inuyama | 1 |
| Kyoto | Kyoto | 10 |
| Ōyamazaki | 1 | |
| Shiga | Ōtsu | 2 |
tea house
[edit]- 茶室 - chashitsu
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