User:Aza24/Johannes Gutenberg

Johannes Gutenberg
Posthumous portrait of Gutenberg. No contemporary depictions survive
Born	Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg c. 1393–1406 Probably Mainz
Died	3 February 1468 Mainz
Occupations	Inventor Craftsman
Known for	Introduced the movable-type printing press to Europe

Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg (/ˈɡuːtənbɜːrɡ/; c. 1393–1406 – 3 February 1468) was a German inventor and craftsman who introduced large-scale printing to Europe with a mechanical movable-type printing press. Though not the earliest of its kind, Gutenberg's method of printing was the first to be available to Europeans, [something impressive sounding].

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Life and career

Early life

Moved to main space

Eltville and Strasbourg

Since later German printers were of a university education, it is often assumed that Gutenberg was as well. Sufficient academic knowledge would have been essential to his developments in printmaking: his later works demonstrate a considerable understanding of Latin, and university would have offered

"John from Eltville"

He is assumed to have studied at the University of Erfurt, where there is a record of the enrollment of a student called Johannes de Altavilla in 1418—Altavilla is the Latin form of Eltville am Rhein.

Nothing is now known of Gutenberg's life for the next fifteen years, but in March 1434, a letter by him indicates that he was living in Strasbourg, where he had some relatives on his mother's side. He also appears to have been a goldsmith member enrolled in the Strasbourg militia. In 1437, there is evidence that he was instructing a wealthy tradesman on polishing gems, but where he had acquired this knowledge is unknown. In 1436/37 his name also comes up in court in connection with a broken promise of marriage to a woman from Strasbourg, Ennelin. Whether the marriage actually took place is not recorded. Following his father's death in 1419, he is mentioned in the inheritance proceedings.

References

Sources

• Gutenberg Museum (2000). Gutenberg: Man of the Millennium. Mainz: City of Mainz. OCLC 44850118.
  • Wagner, Sabina. "A Well-Known Stranger". In Gutenberg Museum (2000), pp. 58–85.
• Ing, Janet (1988). Johann Gutenberg and His Bible: A Historical Study. New York: Typophiles. OCLC 1244855280.
• Füssel, Stephan (2019) [1999]. Gutenberg and the Impact of Printing. Translated by Martin, Douglas. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7546-3537-6.
• Kapr, Albert [in German] (1996) [1986]. Johannes Gutenberg: the Man and His Invention. Translated by Martin, Douglas (3rd ed.). Aldershot; Brookfield: Scolar Press. ISBN 978-1-85928-114-7. OCLC 31655691.
• Man, John (2002). The Gutenberg Revolution: The Story of a Genius and an Invention that Changed the World. London: Headline Review. ISBN 978-0-7472-4504-9.
• Venzke, Andreas [in German] (1993). Johannes Gutenberg: Der Erfinder des Buchdrucks [Johannes Gutenberg: The Inventor of the Printing Press] (in German). Zürich: Benziger. ISBN 978-3-545-34099-2.
• Widmann, Hans, ed. (1993). Der Gegenwärtige Stand der Gutenberg-Forschung [The Current Status of Gutenberg Research] (in German). Stuttgart: A. Hiersemann. ISBN 978-3-7772-7225-2.

Further reading

• Ruppel, Aloys [in German] (1967) [1939]. Johannes Gutenberg: Sein Leben und sein Werk [Johannes Gutenberg: His Life and Work] (in German). Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-6004-157-4.
• Scholderer, Victor (1963). Johann Gutenberg: The Inventor of Printing. London: Trustees of the British Museum. OCLC 2037476.

• [1] ????

Sources and historical context

Much information concerning Gutenberg's life is only known from contemporary records of financial transactions. Local tradition holds its own account of certain events and dates of his life, often without any extant evidence. Many historical documents pertaining to Gutenberg's life were not available to historians until the 18th-century. Upon their analysis, the scholarly account of his life eventually shifted from relaying on tradition to following primary sources. On his printing achievements, scholar Sigfrid Henry Steinberg noted that in general "the available evidence about the invention of printing with movable types cast from matrices is unfortunately less conclusive than might be wished".

• Lehmann-Haupt, Hellmut (17 December 2020). "Johannes Gutenberg | Printing Press, Inventions, Facts, Accomplishments & Biography". Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from the original on 11 September 2021.
• Steinberg, S. H. (1996). Five Hundred Years of Printing. Revised by John Trevitt. London: British Library. ISBN 978-1-884718-20-5.
• "Gutenberg [Gensfleisch zur Laden], Johann". Grove Art Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2003. doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T035756. (subscription or UK public library membership required)

"The archives do not indicate that Gutenberg himself was a goldsmith; his affiliation with the Strasbourg goldsmiths' guild is no proof, since at the time the guilds in the town on the Upper Rhine already had a predominantly social function and no longer exclusively a professional one" –

Also

Refer to

• Peter Schöffer the Younger
• [2] (source as well)

Notes

• Childress is not a high-quality source!
• Catholicon (1286)
• Add unused sources from the Grove Art article to further reading
• Karl Franz Otto Dziatzko important early scholar (maybe needs info in sources/historical context section of further reading)

Other references

• [3]
• The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History
• The Oxford Companion to German Literature (3 ed.)
• Talks about the impact of the 'man of the millennium' designation
• Good article on attribution dispute (Coster Britannica article also has information on this)

Images

• Solid 1660 etching portrait
• Great image of Gutenberg and his contemporaries (use it!!!)
• Other images
• Possibly contemporary portrait
• Add Jean Antoine Laurent's portrait to the legacy section eventually

Use this: [4]