User:AusPolSci/sandbox
This is where I will draft articles and changes
Introduction:
From duelling for honor to constitutional crisis, the attorney-general of Australia (AG) evolution has been stressed by the duality of being both a political position and the first law officer of the nation. The role is performed by a member of government who, by convention, is a member of cabinet and a lawyer.[1]
The attorney-general is one of only four positions in the Commonwealth Government to have continuously been held since federation, along with the Prime Minister, the Minister for Defence and the Treasurer.[2]
LJ King wrote in the Western Australian Law Review in October 2000;
“…a special responsibility for the rule of law and the integrity of the legal system which transcends, and may at times be in conflict with political exigencies, the Attorney-General has the unique role in government of being the political guardian of the administration of justice”[3]
The attorney-general’s portfolio is responsible for: legal services; national security and criminal law; integrity and anti-corruption matters; the Commonwealth justice system including courts, tribunals, justice policy and legal assistance; regulation and reform; protecting and promoting human rights; and support for Commonwealth royal commissions.[4]
The primacy of the Attorney General as protector of the rule of law owes its origin to the Magna Carta's role in making everyone, including the king subject to the Law. Australia's connection to this is exemplified by Australia owning one of the four 1297 Magna Carta scrolls created. It was the 1297 Magna Carta, also known as the "Great Charter" that was first enshrined as common law.[5]
History & Controversy & Milestones
[edit]Duel by the first Attorney General
[edit]The power & politics inherent in the role guarantees controversy and colour. This was exemplified by Saxe Bannister, the first colonial attorney-general having a three shot duel with Dr Robert Wardell. Wardell had been beaten by Bannister in obtaining the attorney-general role and went on to be a founder and editor of the Australian, the colonies first uncensored newspaper[6]. It was Wardell's slanderous words in the newspaper that led to Bannister calling Wardell 'the scum of London' in open court which trigerred a duel for honor. After three shots were fired on each side without effect, Wardell's apology was accepted.[7]
Stalemate - Attorney General equal with Solicitor General; there can only be one number one.
Second to the attorney-general is the nation’s second law officer, the solicitor-general. It was the absence of this hierarchy that caused a crisis in 1893. The Crimes Act (Vic 1890) made the attorney-general and solicitor-general equal with regards to the power to enter a nolle prosequi (cease a prosecution).
The 1890's saw a large property bubble burst and the fledgling economy was at serious risk of a crash. The government and cabinet were concerned about the contagion that could arise if the colony was seen as a risky and unfriendly place to invest. A lengthy trial and prosecution of high profile directors of Mercantile Bank would liekly scare off investors from England.
A crisis ensued when the attorney-general (Sir Bryan O'Loghlen, Bt) was supportive of using his powers to not prosecutue but the solicitor-general (Sir Isaac Isaacs GCB, GCMG, PC, KC) believed political concerns should not influence decisions to prosecute.
capital was suffering the attorney-general (Sir Bryan O'Loghlen, Bt) and cabinet didn't want fraud charges to be prosecuted against banking executives. The solicitor-general (Sir Isaac Isaacs GCB, GCMG, PC, KC) resisted political pressure and said he would not support the cesation of the prosecutions.
This legal stalemate threatened to create enourmous problems in the fledgling economy, with the government concerned about the the ramifications for investor & consumer confidence. While the attorney-general was happy to put these political consequences ahead of the rule of law, the solicotor-general was not.
The crisis was averted when the solicitor-general (Sir Isaac Isaacs GCB, GCMG, PC, KC) resigned from both his role as solicitor-general and as the member for Bogong. [8]
Notably Sir Isaac Isaacs went onto to be elected to the first federal Parliament in 1901, appointed as Attorney General in 1905 and a High Court judge in 1906.[9]
The Dismissal of the Whitlam Government and the Shawcross Principle.
The Shawcross principle named after the English Attorney-General of the time, Sir Hartley Shawcross.Shawcross established the principle that the attorney-generals decision to prosecute should be made by the attorney-general alone, independent of political considerations.
The Shawcross principle played a pivotal role in Australias' biuggest constitutional crisis which saw the Governor General use special reserved powers to dismiss the government. The election that followed saw the opposition Liberal government elected and the incomming attorney-general, Robert Ellicott, supporting a private prosecution raised against the former Prime Minister Gough Whitlam, Senator Lional Murphy, the former attorney-general and others.
Malcolm Fraser who became Prime Minister after the dismissal of the Whitlam government thought the country couldn’t handle anymore upheaval following the unprecendenated dismissal of a sitting government. Fraser told his attorney-general, Robert Ellicott to cease the prosecution, however Ellicot thought to do so would be, to be directed by political concerns which would break the Shawcross principle.
Ellicot's position became untenable and he resigned.
Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions is created
[edit]The biggest change in the attorney-general role since federation was the creation of the Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecution (CDPP) in 1983/84.
an inependant occured in the wake of the Ellicot resigniation and Shawcrossand wanted Ellicott to stop the prosecutions. Ellicot resigned as Attorney General paving the way for Fraser to appoint someone who would not support the prosecutions.
Legislate the Shawcross Principle & give the Attorney Generals power to an independent agency.
Senator Lional Murphy, the former Attorney-General of the Commonwealth, and
,Draft edits for Duel page additions
Raelene Sharp | |
|---|---|
.jpg) | |
| Director of the, Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions | |
| In office 1 December 2023 – 5 Year Term | |
| Career | |
| Personal details | |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Education | Master of Laws (Public International Law: International Criminal Law), Bachelor of Arts (Linguistics), Bachelor of Laws |
| Alma mater | |
| Victorian Bar: Barrister | Nov 2010 -- Ongoing |
| Australian Crime Commission: Principal Specialist Lawyer | Jan 2009 -- Dec 2010 |
| United Nations: Legal Officer | Aug 2006 -- Dec 2008 |
| Australian Crime Commission: Senior Legal Officer | Feb 2004 -- Aug 2006 |
| Office of Public Prosecutions: Solicitor | Feb 1999 -- Feb 2004 |
1826: Dr. Robert Wardell duelled with Australia’s (Colony of New South Wales') first Attorney General, Saxe Bannister. Dr. Robert Wardell had previously lost to Saxe Bannister in obtaining the Attorney General position[10]. A long-running feud ensued, Bannister sued Wardell for libel, with Saxe saying in open court that Wardell was the 'scum of London’ during a speech in court [11]. After three shots were fired on each side without effect, Wardell's apology was accepted.
1827: Dr. Robert Wardell duelled with the Colonel Henry Dumaresq, the aide-de-camp and brother in law of the Governor Ralph Darling. Robert had written an article titled 'How-e to live by Plunder'[12], in which he claimed Henry had leaked information to the Australian. Three shots were fired by each, and no one was injured[13].
ddd[14]
- ^ Groves, Matthew (2024-06). "The Changing Role of the Attorney-General". Federal Law Review. 52 (2): 131–155. doi:10.1177/0067205X241253296. ISSN 0067-205X.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "The Attorney-General — A Hybrid Character Who Needs to be Versatile". actlawsociety.asn.au. Retrieved 22 November 2024.
- ^ James King AC QC, Leonard (2000). "The Attorney-General, Politics and the Judiciary" (PDF). Australasian Legal Information Institute – via University of Western Australia Law Review.
- ^ Auditor Office, Australian National (2024). "Australian National Audit Office - Annual Audit of the Attorney-General's portfolio". Attorney-General’s portfolio. Retrieved 21 November 2024.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Magna Carta - Parliamentary Education Office". peo.gov.au. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
- ^ "The Australian (1824 newspaper)", Wikipedia, 2 November 2024, retrieved 23 November 2024
- ^ Royal Australian Historical Society. (1918), "47 v. : ill. ; 22 cm.", Journal and proceedings, Sydney: The Society, ISSN 1325-9261, nla.obj-600995280, retrieved 23 November 2024 – via Trove
- ^ "The Mercantile Bank Cases". Wagga Wagga Advertiser. Vol. XXIII, , no. 2627. New South Wales, Australia. 27 May 1893. p. 2. Retrieved 23 November 2024 – via National Library of Australia.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - ^ Cowen, Zelman, "Sir Isaac Alfred Isaacs (1855–1948)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 23 November 2024
- ^ Club, Melbourne Press (31 May 2017). "Robert Wardell". MPC - Hall Of Fame. Retrieved 22 November 2024.
- ^ "DUEL BETWEEN MR. BANNISTER, THE ATTORNEY-GENERAL, AND DR. WARDELL, EDITOR OF THE AUSTRALIAN". The Monitor (Sydney). Vol. I, , no. 24. New South Wales, Australia. 27 October 1826. p. 3. Retrieved 22 November 2024 – via National Library of Australia.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - ^ "HOW—e TO LIVE BY PLUNDER". The Australian. No. 179. New South Wales, Australia. 17 March 1827. p. 3. Retrieved 22 November 2024 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ Gray, Nancy, "William John Dumaresq (1793–1868)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 22 November 2024
- ^ "Global Pro Bono Network - Service Grant Japan". Global Pro Bono Network. Retrieved 11 June 2023.