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A purebred beagle

A purebred dog refers to a modern breed of dog that has a verifiable identification and pedigree. An article published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences states: "Modern breeding practices, focused on distinct breeds with strict aesthetic requirements and closed bloodlines, only emerged in the 19th century, and claims for the antiquity (and long-term continuity) of modern breeds are based upon little or no historical or empirical evidence. In fact, recent historical records clearly demonstrate that most modern breeds experienced significant population fluctuations within the past 100 y (Table S1). Here, we only use the term “breed” when referring to modern dog breeds recognised by kennel clubs."[1]

Traceable pedigrees did not exist prior to the founding of The Kennel Club (KC) in 1873, which was initially formed by a group of dog show fanciers who wanted to preserve the reputation of dog shows, while at the same time, avoid breeder fraud by establishing a dog's identity and documenting its pedigree.[2] Volume 1 of The Kennel Club Stud Book was published in 1874, and included a list of dog shows and names of dogs that were exhibited at each show, beginning with the first show in 1859.[2] The show was held in Newcastle-upon-Tyne along with an annual cattle show. The types of dogs shown were sporting breeds, specifically pointers and setters; the prizes were guns, indicative of the country lifestyle. By the end of the 19th century, dog shows had grown in popularity, and were considered fashionable among all classes of society, marking a significant milestone in the breeding of registered purebred dogs.[3]


and show record in the stud book of and may be registered with a breed club that may also be part of a national kennel club.[4][better source needed]

Purebred dog may also be used in a different manner to refer to dogs of specific dog types and landraces that are not modern breeds. An example is cited by biologist Raymond Coppinger, of an Italian shepherd who keeps only the white puppies from his sheep guardian dog's litters, and culls the rest, because he defines the white ones as purebred. Coppinger says, "The shepherd's definition of pure is not wrong, it is simply different from mine."[5] However, the usual definition is the one that involves modern breeds.[citation needed]

Etymology

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The earliest use of the term "pureblood" in English referring to animal breeding, according to the Online Etymological Dictionary, was in 1882 and "pure bred" in 1890.[6] The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary dates the use to 1852.[7]

Registration

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Purebred dogs are pedigreed members of modern breeds. These dogs may be registered with breed club. The breed clubs may be an open stud book or a closed stud book, the term can be interpreted to either. Usually the breed club is also associated with a kennel club (AKC, UKC, CKC etc.). However, dogs who are registered with a breed club are usually referred to as "registered". Some use the term exclusively for a dog that has also been registered with a breed club, but more often it is used simply as a generic term to refer to dogs who have known pedigrees within a standardized breed.[citation needed]

A dog that is purebred cannot be interpreted to mean it is high-quality dog. It is no reflection on the quality of the dog's health, temperament, or sagacity, but merely a reference that the dog has known parentage according to the breeder. While some breed clubs can now guarantee parentage through DNA testing, for the most part all breed clubs must rely exclusively on the breeder's word and choice of parentage. In the early years[when?] of the kennel club concept, this was not at issue, since dog breeding was only done among the extremely wealthy, and their reputations were at stake. Even in the modern age of breeding, a DNA proven purebred and registered champion who has won national competitions can have serious health issues.[citation needed]

Modern pure bred registrations are of two main types:

  • The closed stud book requires that all dogs descend from a known and registered set of ancestors; this results in a loss of genetic variation over time, as well as a highly identifiable breed type, which is the basis of the sport of conformation showing. In order to enhance specific characteristics, most modern purebred dogs registered with closed stud books are highly inbred, increasing the possibility of genetic-based disease.[8]
  • The open stud book, meaning some outcrossing is acceptable, is often used in herding dog, hunting dog, and working dog (working dog meaning police dogs, assistance dogs, and other dogs that work directly with humans, not on game or livestock) registries for dogs not also engaged in the sport of conformation showing. Outcrosses with other breeds and breeding for working characteristics (rather than breeding for appearance) are assumed to result in a healthier dog. Overuse of one particular stud dog due to the desirability of the dog's working style or appearance leads to a narrowing of genetic diversity, whether the breed uses an open stud book or a closed stud book.[9] The Jack Russell Terrier Club of America states, "Inbreeding favors genes of excellence as well as deleterious genes."[10] Some open stud book breeds, such as the Jack Russell Terrier, have strict limitations on inbreeding.[11]

Dog crossbreeds (first generation crosses from two purebred dogs, also called dog hybrids) are not breeds and are not considered purebred, although crossbreds from the same two breeds of purebreds can have "identical qualities",[12] similar to what would be expected from breeding two purebreds, but with more genetic variation. However, crossbreds do not breed true (meaning that progeny will show consistent, replicable, and predictable characteristics), and can only be reproduced by returning to the original two purebred breeds.[citation needed]

"This is a picture of a 10 month old American Alsatian (Alsatian Shepalute)."
An "Alsatian Shepalute", a breed created in 1988, now considered a purebred by its registry and others.[13][14]

Among breeds of hunting, herding, or working dogs in open stud book registries, a crossbred dog may be registered as a member of the breed it most closely resembles if the dog works in the manner of the breed. Some hunting, herding, or working dog registries will accept mixed breed (meaning of unknown heritage) dogs as members of the breed if they work in the correct manner, called register on merit.[15]

For mixed breed (unknown heredity), crossbred (from two different purebred breeds), or otherwise unregistered purebred pet dogs there are available many small for-pay internet registry businesses that will certify any dog as a purebred anything one cares to invent.[16] However, new breeds of dog are constantly being legitimately created, and there are many websites for new breed associations and breed clubs offering legitimate registrations for new or rare breeds. When dogs of a new breed are "visiblily similar in most characteristics" and have reliable documented descent from a "known and designated foundation stock"[4] they can then be considered members of a breed, and, if an individual dog is documented and registered, it can be called purebred. Only documentation of the ancestry from a breed's foundation stock determines whether or not a dog is a purebred member of a breed.[17]

Showdog

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A purebred German Shepherd playing. German Shepherds are a relatively new breed of dog with an origin dating back to 1899.

A showdog is a purebred dog that participates in dog shows with its owner or handler.

The term showdog is commonly used in two different ways. For people in the dog fancy, a showdog is an exceptional purebred dog that conforms to breed type, and an outgoing, high energy character.[18] For people who have no interest in dog shows, the term "showdog" is often used facetiously to refer to a dog whose only attributes are in its appearance. Raymond Coppinger says, "This recent breeding fad for the purebred dog is badly out of control.".[19]

Dog shows (and the related sport of Junior Handling for children and young people) continue to be popular activities; a single show, the 2006 Crufts dog show alone had 143,000 spectators, with 24,640 purebred dogs entered, representing 178 different breeds from 35 different countries.[20] The sport of conformation dog showing is only open to registered purebred dogs.

Eugenics and history

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Purebred dogs represent to many commentators[who?] the attitudes of the late Victorian era, when dog breeding first became popular, and when most modern breeds originated. Purebred dogs were bred from a narrow set of ancestors, and an idea developed that this made them superior in appearance. Englishman Francis Galton used the term eugenics to refer to his ideas for applying domestic animal breeding techniques to humans, to produce a 'pure' and 'good' elite; the idea became an intellectual fad, promoted by people such as dog writer Leon Fradley Whitney.[21] Purebred dog breeders of today have therefore been accused of following "a breeding paradigm that is anachronistic in the light of modern genetic knowledge, and that first arose out of a misinterpretation of Darwin and an enthusiasm for social theories that have long been discredited as scientifically insupportable and morally questionable".[21]

Modern breeders and owners of pedigreed dogs, however, are more interested in the real or imagined early history of their favourite breed's development.[22] Reputable breeders attempt to produce the healthiest dogs which the limited gene pool will allow, and buyers of purebreds primarily are interested in a puppy whose adult size, appearance, and temperament are predictable.[23]

Health issues

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Main article: Dog health
See also: Canine reproduction, List of dog diseases, and Pedigree Dogs Exposed

Genetic conditions are a particular problem for dogs from registries whose stud books are closed. Many national kennel clubs prohibit registering dogs that have or carry certain genetic illnesses. Some of the most common conditions include hip dysplasia, seen in large breed dogs, von Willebrand disease, a disease that affects platelets that is inherited in Doberman Pinschers, entropion, a curling in of the eyelid seen in Shar Peis and many other breeds, progressive retinal atrophy, inherited in many breeds, deafness, and epilepsy, known to be inherited in Belgian Shepherd Dogs, German Shepherd Dogs, Cocker Spaniels, and St. Bernards.[24] In 2008, the BBC ran a documentary on the health problems in pedigree dogs.[25]

Future of purebred dogs

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Most Kennel Club breeds that exist today were chosen from existing land-race breeds in the late 19th century. How those dogs appear now however have been customized to fit within the breed club's chosen description of them. To do this required selective breeding and rigorous culling.[26] This tends to create a genetic bottleneck which some people believe renders breeding from closed stud books not viable in the long run. Suggestions for improvement have included outcrossing (opening studbooks) and measuring and regulating inbreeding.

Books on choosing a puppy advocate for "purebred' dogs, as long as they come from breeders who are willing to invest the time and money in producing healthy dogs which they are willing to guarantee. As Chris Walkowicz in The Perfect Match writes: "The difference is that purebred breeders know what to expect."[27]

Stephen Budiansky in The Truth About Dogs writes:

"It is true that the standard criticisms leveled against inbreeding are not always well informed from the point of view of modern genetics. … Curing the problems that inbreeding has engendered in purebred dogs will require more subtlety than either most breeders or their more vocal critics have so far displayed."[28]

Hungarian ethologist Vilmos Csányi sees purebred dog breeders, in efforts to meet breed standards, increasing the extent of inbreeding and thereby reducing the breeds' desirable attributes: "This process appears to be unstoppable."[12]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Larson, Greger; Karlsson, Elinor K.; Perri, Angela; Webster, Matthew T.; Ho, Simon Y. W.; Peters, Joris; Stahl, Peter W.; Piper, Philip J.; Lingaas, Frode; Fredholm, Merete; Comstock, Kenine E.; Modiano, Jaime F.; Schelling, Claude; Agoulnik, Alexander I.; Leegwater, Peter A.; Dobney, Keith; Vigne, Jean-Denis; Vilà, Carles; Andersson, Leif; Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin (2012-05-21). "Rethinking dog domestication by integrating genetics, archeology, and biogeography". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (23). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: 8878–8883. doi:10.1073/pnas.1203005109. ISSN 0027-8424.
  2. ^ a b Ritvo, Harriet (1986). "Pride and Pedigree: The Evolution of the Victorian Dog Fancy". Victorian Studies. 29 (2). Indiana University Press: 241. ISSN 0042-5222. JSTOR 3826951. Retrieved 2022-07-23.
  3. ^ Hope, Jessica (2021-07-29). "History Of Dog Shows & Their Surprising Victorian Origins". HistoryExtra. Retrieved 2022-07-23.
  4. ^ a b Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged, The Merriam-Webster Editorial Staff, Springfield, MA U.S.A.: G&C Merriam Company, 1967, p. 274, A breed is a group of domestic animals related through common ancestors and visiblily similar in most characteristics, having been differentiated from others by human influence; a distinctive group of domesticated animals differentiated from the wild type under the influence of man, the sum of the progeny of a known and designated foundation stock without admixture of other blood.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  5. ^ Coppinger, Raymond; Coppinger, Lorna (2001), Dogs, A New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior & Evolution, New York: Scribner, pp. 138, ISBN 978-0-684-85530-1
  6. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary, Purebred, retrieved 2 April 2014
  7. ^ Merriam-Webster Dictionary, Purebred, retrieved 2 April 2014
  8. ^ various authors, Canine Genetic Diseases Network, Columbia, Missouri, USA: University of Missouri-Columbia College of Veterinary Medicine, retrieved 20 May 2008
  9. ^ For example, most border collies today (whether used for herding or for showing) are related to a sire named Winston Cap Archived 2008-02-19 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ Jack Russell Terrier Club of America, Glossary, retrieved 20 May 2008
  11. ^ Jack Russell Terrier Club of America, Jack Russell Terrier Club of America Code of Ethics, retrieved 20 May 2008 "A terrier will be rejected for registration if the inbreeding coefficient is more than 16%"
  12. ^ a b Csányi, Vilmos (2005), If Dogs Could Talk (First American Edition, translated by Richard E. Quandt ed.), New York: North Point Press, p. 285, ISBN 978-0-86547-686-8
  13. ^ "National American Alsatian Registry". National American Alsatian Registry. June 2009. Archived from the original on 2010-09-13. Retrieved 2010-11-05.
  14. ^ "American Alsatian". Dogbreedinfo. July 2009. Retrieved 2010-11-05.
  15. ^ See the American Border Collie Association's Register on Merit Program Archived 2005-02-07 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^ Jeanne Hale, Dog Registries: who's who and who's not, retrieved 20 May 2008 (contains descriptions and lists 'alternative' registries)
  17. ^ Lynn Marmer (1984), "The New Breed Of Municipal Dog Control Laws:Are They Constitutional?", first published in the University of Cincinnati Law Review, archived from the original on 2000-09-26, retrieved 2008-05-20, The court found it was impossible to identify the breed of an unregistered dog.
  18. ^ Alston, George (May 16, 1992), The Winning Edge: Show Ring Secrets (1st ed.), New York: Howell Book House, p. 59, ISBN 978-0-87605-834-3 "If you make showing fun for the dog, you will have the fun and satisfaction of showing a winner."
  19. ^ Coppinger, Raymond; Coppinger, Lorna (2001), Dogs, A New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior & Evolution, New York: Scribner, pp. 247–248, ISBN 978-0-684-85530-1
  20. ^ The Kennel Club (UK) (2006), Crufts 2006 Show review, archived from the original on 31 July 2009, retrieved 20 May 2008
  21. ^ a b Budiansky", Stephen (2000), The Truth About Dogs; an Inquiry into the Ancestry, Social Conventions, Mental Habits, and Moral Fiber of Canis familiaris, New York, U.S.A.: Viking Penguin, p. 35, ISBN 978-0-670-89272-3
  22. ^ Coppinger, page 249
  23. ^ Caras, Roger A. (2001), Going for the Blue, New York, USA: Warner Books, Inc., pp. 4–6, ISBN 978-0-446-52644-9
  24. ^ "Canine Inherited Disorders Database". University of Prince Edward Island. 2001. Retrieved 2007-08-18.
  25. ^ Irvine, Chris (19 August 2008). "BBC may cut Crufts over disease-riddled pedigree breeds". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
  26. ^ Coppinger, page 245, "Anybody who ever created a breed did so by culling the ones they didn't want."
  27. ^ Walkowicz, Chris (1996), The Perfect Match, a Dog Buyer's Guide, New York: Wiley Publishing, Inc., p. 16, ISBN 978-0-87605-767-4
  28. ^ Budiansky, pg 212
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