User:Asarelah/sandbox/Ojibwe ethnobotany

Use of Birch bark

Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis Bark used to build dwellings, lodges, canoes, storage containers, sap dishes, rice baskets, buckets, trays and dishes. Bark placed on the coffins when burying the dead. ^[1]
Betula lenta Bark used to build dwellings, lodges, canoes, storage containers, sap dishes, rice baskets, buckets, trays and dishes. Bark placed on the coffins when burying the dead. ^[2]
Betula papyrifera: Bark used to build dwellings and lodges. Bark used to make birch bark canoes. Bark placed on the coffins when burying the dead. Bark used to make small vessels, pails and trays. Bark used to make storage containers, sap dishes, rice baskets, buckets, trays and winnowing dishes. Bark used to make dishes.^[3] Used as coverings for dwellings, used for utensils, used as patterns for work in decorative art.^[4] Bark used for buckets and baskets, Bark used for wigwam coverings. Bark used for canoes. Patterns for decorative art made upon the bark.^[5] Heavy pieces of bark used to make very durable canoes. Records of medicine lodge rituals kept on its virgin surface. There were many layers of bark ranging from the thinnest paper to quite heavy pieces. Wood had the property of protecting articles stored in it from decay. Families made a pilgrimage to birch groves during the latter part of June and in July to gather their supply of birch bark, because it peels most easily at that time. Paper birch and cedar form the two most sacred trees of the Ojibwe, both of which were very useful. No birch was gathered by the Ojibwe without due offering of tobacco to Winabojo & Grandmother Earth. The Ojibwe regard the bark as a distinct 'contribution from Winabojo.'^[6] Bark stripped and used to make emergency trays or buckets in the woods, baskets made for gathering and storing berries, maple sugar, dried fish, meat or any food, sheets of bark sewn together, made into rolls and used as waterproof roofing for wigwams.Birch bark keeps the food stored in it from spoiling. Bark used to make all sorts of drying trays. Bark used to make funnels for pouring hot lard. Bark used to make shallow trays for winnowing wild rice. Nearly any kitchen utensil common to the white man, could be duplicated in birch bark by the Ojibwe. Scraps of bark used by women to kindle or light fires. Bark rolled into a handy, burn all night torch. The Ojibwe often used a torch of rolled birch bark in lieu of candles. ^[7]

List

Acer negundo: Infusion of inner bark used as an emetic.^[8] Sap with that of the sugar maple and drunk as a beverage.^[9]
Agrimonia gryposepala: Used for urinary problems,^[10]
Allium tricoccum: eaten as part of Ojibwe cuisine.^[11] They also use a decoction as a quick-acting emetic.^[12]
Antennaria howellii ssp. neodioica: Infusion take after childbirth to purge afterbirth and to heal.^[13]
Apios americana: Tubers used as seasoning in food.^[14]
Arctium lappa: Roots used as a blood medicine. ^[15] (Note: This plant is not native)
Cardamine diphylla: Roots mixed with salt, vinegar, or sugar and use them as a condiment.^[16]
Ceanothus herbaceus: Decoction of the root taken as a cough remedy.^[17]
Eurybia macrophylla: Heads bathed with an infusion of the plant to treat headaches.^[18]
Gaultheria hispidula: Leaves used to make a beverage.^[19]
Oclemena nemoralis: Decoction of root as drops or on a compress for sore ear.^[20]
Ribes glandulosum: Compound decoction of the root of for back pain and for "female weakness."^[21]
Ribes triste: Berries eaten raw and also preserved by cooking them, spreading them on birch bark into little cakes, which are dried and stored for winter use.^[22] Berries with cooked with sweet corn as a winter food. Berries used to make jams and preserves.^[23] Medicinal uses include taking a decoction of the root and stalk for 'gravel', ^[24] taking a compound decoction of the stalk for 'stoppage of periods',^[25] and using the leaves as a 'female remedy'.^[26]
Sagittaria cuneata: Corms eaten for indigestion, and also as a food, eaten boiled fresh, dried or candied with maple sugar. Muskrat and beavers store them in large caches, which the Ojibwe have learned to recognize and appropriate.^[27]
Silene latifolia ssp. alba: Infusion used as physic.^[28]
Solidago rigida: Decoction of root used as an enema,^[29] and infusion of the root "stoppage of urine.^[30]
Symphyotrichum novae-angliae: roots smoked in pipes to attract game.^[31]
Taenidia integerrima: seeds smoked in a pipe before hunting for good luck.^[32]
Uvularia grandiflora: Root used for pain in the solar plexus, which may refer to pleurisy.^[33]
Vaccinium myrtilloides: Berries gathered and sold, eaten fresh, sun dried and canned for future use. ^[34]
Viola canadensis: South Ojibwa use a decoction of the root for pains near the bladder.^[35]
Achillea millefolium: Decoction sprinkled of the leaves on hot stones and inhaled for headache.^[36] Decoction of the root applied to the skin for 'eruptions'. ^[37] Dried root and spit it onto the limbs as a stimulant.^[38] Decoction of leaves and stalk applied to horses as a stimulant.^[39] Florets smoked for ceremonial purposes, and florets placed on coals and smoke inhaled to break a fever.^[40]
Betula alleghaniensis Compound decoction of inner bark taken as a diuretic.^[41]
- Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis Decoction of bark taken for internal blood diseases.^[42] Sap and maple sap used for a pleasant beverage drink.^[43]
Betula lenta Decoction of bark taken for diarrhea. Bark used for pulmonary troubles and decoction of bark taken for pneumonia.^[44]
Betula papyrifera Decoction of bark taken for internal blood diseases.^[45] Root used as a seasoner for medicines, root bark cooked with maple sugar as syrup for stomach cramps, Compound decoction of root bark taken to alleviate stomach cramps.^[46] Infusion of inner bark used as an enema.^[47] Inner bark boiled, cedar ashes added and used to make a red dye.^[48] Ojibwe claim that birch was never struck by lightning, hence offered a safe harbor in thunderstorms. No birch was gathered by the Ojibwe without due offering of tobacco to Winabojo & Grandmother Earth.^[49]Innermost bark boiled to extract a reddish dye.^[50]After stripping a felled tree of its bark, it was salvaged for firewood.^[51]
Betula nigra Decoction of bark taken for stomach pain.^[52]
Betula pubescens Betula pubescens ssp. pubescens Bark used in boat building. The bark was stripped off at raspberry ripening time, laid away and pressed flat until the next spring. When required for manufacture, especially in boat building, it was heated over a fire to make it pliable for shaping to the purpose.^[53] Boiled, powdered wood applied to chafed skin.^[54]
Betula pumila (PUT IN ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS) Betula pumila var. glandulifera ^[55] Smoke of cones inhaled for catarrh.^[56] Twigs of this dwarf birch used for the ribs of baskets.^[57]
Acer saccharum
Carya ovata
Cornus sericea
Fraxinus nigra
Helianthus tuberosus
Monarda fistulosa
Oenothera biennis
Pinus strobus: resin used to treat infections and gangrene.
Polygonum pensylvanicum
Rhus aromatica (Fragrant sumac, SCE, Native populations only)'
Rudbeckia hirta
Silphium perfoliatum
Thuja occidentalis (PUT IN CONSERVATION STATUS)

References

^ Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241
^ Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241
^ Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241
^ Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377
^ Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 413
^ Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 414
^ Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416
^ Smith, Huron H. (1932). "Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians." Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327–525 (p. 353)
^ Smith, Huron H. (1932). "Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians." Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327–525 (p. 394).
^ Daniel E. Moerman (2009). Native American Medicinal Plants: An Ethnobotanical Dictionary. Timber Press. pp. 52–53. ISBN 0-88192-987-5.
^ Smith, Huron H. 1933 Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians. Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230 (p. 104)
^ Densmore, Frances 1928 Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379 (p. 346)
^ Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 363
^ Beardsley, Gretchen (1939). "The Groundnut as used by the Indians of Eastern North America". Papers of the Michigan Academy of Sciences Arts and Letters. 25: 507–525.
^ Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 238
^ Arnason, Thor, Richard J. Hebda and Timothy Johns 1981 Use of Plants for Food and Medicine by Native Peoples of Eastern Canada. Canadian Journal of Botany 59(11):2189-2325 (p. 2207)
^ Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 340
^ Smith, Huron H. 1932 Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians. Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525 (p. 363)
^ Densmore, Frances 1928 Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379 (p. 317)
^ Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 360
^ Densmore, Frances 1928 Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379 (p. 356)
^ Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 321
^ Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 410
^ Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 348
^ Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 358
^ Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 389
^ Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 396
^ Smith, Huron H. 1932 Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians. Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525 (p. 361)
^ Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 364 (Note: This source comes from the Native American ethnobotany database (http://naeb.brit.org/) which lists the plant as Oligoneuron rigidum var. rigidum. Accessed 19 January 2018
^ Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 348 (Note: This source comes from the Native American ethnobotany database (http://naeb.brit.org/) which lists the plant as Oligoneuron rigidum var. rigidum. Accessed 19 January 2018
^ Densmore, Frances 1928 Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379 (p. 376)
^ Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 432
^ Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 374
^ Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 238
^ Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 201
^ Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 336
^ Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 350
^ Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 364
^ Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 366
^ Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 362
^ Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 199
^ Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist7(4):230-248, page 231
^ Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 397
^ Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 128
^ Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 231
^ Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 358
^ Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 364
^ Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 370
^ Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 414
^ Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 425
^ Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416
^ Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 342
^ Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 128
^ Holmes, E.M., 1884, Medicinal Plants Used by Cree Indians, Hudson's Bay Territory, The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions 15:302-304, page 303
^ Infusion of cones taken during menses and for strength after childbirth.
^ Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 358
^ Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417

[1] Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241

[2] Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241

[3] Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241

[4] Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377

[5] Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 413

[6] Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 414

[7] Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416

[8] Smith, Huron H. (1932). "Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians." Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327–525 (p. 353)

[9] Smith, Huron H. (1932). "Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians." Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327–525 (p. 394).

[DEM-10] Daniel E. Moerman (2009). Native American Medicinal Plants: An Ethnobotanical Dictionary. Timber Press. pp. 52–53. ISBN 0-88192-987-5.

[11] Smith, Huron H. 1933 Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians. Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230 (p. 104)

[12] Densmore, Frances 1928 Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379 (p. 346)

[13] Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 363

[14] Beardsley, Gretchen (1939). "The Groundnut as used by the Indians of Eastern North America". Papers of the Michigan Academy of Sciences Arts and Letters. 25: 507–525.

[15] Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 238

[16] Arnason, Thor, Richard J. Hebda and Timothy Johns 1981 Use of Plants for Food and Medicine by Native Peoples of Eastern Canada. Canadian Journal of Botany 59(11):2189-2325 (p. 2207)

[17] Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 340

[18] Smith, Huron H. 1932 Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians. Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525 (p. 363)

[19] Densmore, Frances 1928 Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379 (p. 317)

[20] Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 360

[21] Densmore, Frances 1928 Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379 (p. 356)

[22] Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 321

[23] Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 410

[24] Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 348

[25] Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 358

[26] Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 389

[27] Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 396

[28] Smith, Huron H. 1932 Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians. Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525 (p. 361)

[29] Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 364 (Note: This source comes from the Native American ethnobotany database (http://naeb.brit.org/) which lists the plant as Oligoneuron rigidum var. rigidum. Accessed 19 January 2018

[30] Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 348 (Note: This source comes from the Native American ethnobotany database (http://naeb.brit.org/) which lists the plant as Oligoneuron rigidum var. rigidum. Accessed 19 January 2018

[31] Densmore, Frances 1928 Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379 (p. 376)

[32] Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 432

[33] Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 374

[34] Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 238

[35] Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 201

[36] Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 336

[37] Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 350

[38] Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 364

[39] Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 366

[40] Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 362

[41] Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 199

[42] Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist7(4):230-248, page 231

[43] Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 397

[44] Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 128

[45] Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 231

[46] Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 358

[47] Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 364

[48] Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 370

[49] Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 414

[50] Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 425

[51] Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416

[52] Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 342

[53] Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 128

[54] Holmes, E.M., 1884, Medicinal Plants Used by Cree Indians, Hudson's Bay Territory, The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions 15:302-304, page 303

[55] Infusion of cones taken during menses and for strength after childbirth.

[56] Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 358

[57] Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417

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