User:Apoptosis81/sandbox
Summary of the Five Pillars of Wikipedia
[edit]- Wikipedia is an online encyclopedia that is maintained by an active online community
- There are many examples of what Wikipedia is not. A few of these are:
- Dictionary
- Place for self promotion
- Newspaper
- Censored
- Wikipedia strives for articles to be from a neutral point of view (NPOV). This is mostly achieved by analyzing various sources and conveying the information in a non-biased manner.
- A few ways to achieve a NPOV is by following these guidelines:
- Avoid presenting opinions or contested assertions as facts.
- Avoid stating facts as opinions.
- Use nonjudgmental language.
- Recognize prominent opposing views
- Wikipedia is free content, however you should not plagiarize other works.
- No content on Wikipedia is owned by any editor.
- Editors should always treat each other with respect and consideration.
- Calm and neutral language should always be used instead of aggressive and snide comments.
- Always assume good faith when working with others.
- Simply put if there are any rules that restrict or prevent you from editing Wikipedia you can ignore them.
Summary of Characteristics of a B to GA Level Article
[edit]- In order to increase the quality of a stub article to a B to GA level a number of milestones and standards must be met that include: [6]
- Article should at least be useful to casual readers, but if article can be improved for nearly all readers then the article will be closer to a GA level.
- Article should be clearly written with useful images included.
- Plagiarism will not be tolerated in any form in a Wikipedia article.
- Article should be mostly cleaned up by improving the layout, spelling, grammar, tone and sourcing. [7]
- Numerous sources and references should be used properly inline in the article.
- An article can be deemed GA level through an official review process.
Example Paragraph with Inline References
[edit]In E. coli DNA replication is carried out by the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. This holoenzyme is composed of many different protein subunits. One of these subunits, the sliding clamp, is attached to the DNA by a seven subunit sliding clamp loader that utilizes ATP hydrolysis for this purpose [8]. The sliding clamp selectively binds primer:template junctions and is used to help promote the recruitment of DNA polymerase once bound [8]. It has been shown that sliding clamp loader complexes can have DNA polymerase chaperone capabilities and multiple ATP binding sites that can increase the recruitment of the polymerase 100-1000 fold [9].
- General definition
- History of discovery
- Structure/Function in multi organisms - human, fungi, bacteria
- Examples of HUMAN exoenzymes including amylase, ACE, lipase, digestive enzymes.
- Ecological impacts of exoenzymes
- Biotechnological uses of exoenzymes
- Exoenzymes [10]
- Amylase [11]
- This book section has good references to reviews of each exoenzyme type and their ecological impacts and biotechnology uses [12]
- Review of Hyaluronidases [13]
- Image Sources:
- PLOS ONE...I think this may be the best source I have found for Wikepedia-use approved images [14]
Unit 8: First Additions to Article
[edit]An exoenzyme, or extracellular enzyme, is an enzyme that is secreted by a cell and functions outside of that cell. Exoenzymes are produced by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have been shown to be a critical component of many biological processes. Most often these enzymes are involved in the breakdown of larger macromolecules. The breakdown of these larger macromolecules is critical for allowing their constituents to pass through the cell membrane and enter into the cell. For humans and other complex organisms this process is best characterized by the digestive system in which solid food is broken down[15] by exoenzymes into small molecules that are able to enter into cells and be utilized for various cellular functions. In addition to this integral role in biological systems, different classes of microbial exoenzymes have been used by humans since pre-historic times for such diverse purposes as food production, biofuels, textile production and in the paper industry[16]. Another important role that microbial exoenzymes serve is in the natural ecology and bioremediation of terrestial and marine[17] environments.
Very limited information is available about the original discovery of exoenzymes. According to Merriam-Webster dictionary, the term "exoenzyme" was first recognized in the English language in 1908[18]. The book "Intracellular Enzymes: A Course of Lectures Given in the Physiological," by Horace Vernon is thought to be the first publication using this word in that year[19]. Based on the book, it can be assumed that the first known exoenzymes were pepsin and trypsin, as both are mentioned by Vernon to have been discovered by scientists Briike and Kiihne before 1908[20].
Examples of extracellular enzymes:
- Amylase
- ACE: generation of angiotensin-II
- Lipoprotein lipase: release of lipids from circulating lipoproteins
- Digestive enzymes: breakdown of ingested nutrients
- Some clotting factors: e.g. thrombin
See also
[edit] | This enzyme-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
References
[edit]- ^ [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not. "Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia." Retrieved September 17, 2013.
- ^ "Wikipedia:Neutral point of view". Retrieved 17 September 2013.
- ^ "Wikipedia:Wikipedia is free content". Retrieved 17 September 2013.
- ^ "Wikipedia:Civility". Retrieved 17 September 2013.
- ^ "Wikipedia:Ignore all rules". Retrieved 17 September 2013.
- ^ "Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Assessment". Retrieved 1 October 2013.
- ^ "Wikipedia:Cleanup". Retrieved 1 October 2013.
- ^ a b Pomerantz, Richard T.; o'Donnell, Mike (1 April 2007). "Replisome mechanics: insights into a twin DNA polymerase machine". Trends in Microbiology. 15 (4): 156–164. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2007.02.007. PMID 17350265.
- ^ Downey, Christopher D.; Crooke, Elliott; McHenry, Charles S. (1 September 2011). "Polymerase Chaperoning and Multiple ATPase Sites Enable the E. coli DNA Polymerase III Holoenzyme to Rapidly Form Initiation Complexes". Journal of Molecular Biology. 412 (3): 340–353. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2011.07.051. PMC 3197712. PMID 21820444.
- ^ Bhatia, M.S. (2009). Principles of microbiology (1. ed.). Delhi, India: Swastik Publishers & Distributors. pp. 225–228. ISBN 978-81-89981-27-3.
- ^ Goodsell, David (2006). "Alpha-amylase". Molecule of the Month. doi:10.2210/rcsb_pdb/mom_2006_2. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
- ^ Thiel, ed. by Joachim Reitner, Volker (2011). Encyclopedia of geobiology. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 355–359. ISBN 978-1-4020-9212-1.
{{cite book}}:|first=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Stern, Robert; Jedrzejas, Mark J. (1 March 2006). "Hyaluronidases: Their Genomics, Structures, and Mechanisms of Action". Chemical Reviews. 106 (3): 818–839. doi:10.1021/cr050247k. PMC 2547145. PMID 16522010.
- ^ http://www.plos.org/publications/journals/.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Kong, F.; Singh, R.P. (1 June 2008). "Disintegration of Solid Foods in Human Stomach". Journal of Food Science. 73 (5): R67–R80. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00766.x. PMID 18577009.
- ^ Thiel, ed. by Joachim Reitner, Volker. Encyclopedia of geobiology. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 355–359. ISBN 9781402092121.
{{cite book}}:|first=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Arnosti, Carol (15 January 2011). "Microbial Extracellular Enzymes and the Marine Carbon Cycle". Annual Review of Marine Science. 3 (1): 401–425. doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-120709-142731. PMID 21329211.
- ^ "Merriam-Webster". Retrieved 10/26/13.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ "Lexic.us". Retrieved 10/26/13.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ Vernon, Horace. "Intracellular Enzymes: A Course of Lectures Given in the Physiological". Retrieved 10/26/13.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help)