Jump to content

User:Aoziwe/sandbox/201920bfslead

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The 2019–2020 Australian bushfire season[b] commenced with serious uncontrolled fires in June 2019.[17] Hundreds of fires, including megafires, have been, or still are burning, mainly in the south east of the continent.

As of 14 January 2020, fires this season have burned an estimated 18.6 million hectares (46 million acres; 186,000 square kilometres; 72,000 square miles),[18] destroyed over 5,900 buildings (including 2,779 homes)[19] and killed at least 30 people.[20][21][22][c] An estimated one billion animals have been killed and some endangered species may be driven to extinction.[23][24][25] Air quality has dropped to hazardous levels.[26] The cost of dealing with the bushires is expected to exceed the $4.4 billion of the 2009 Black Saturday fires,[27] and tourism sector revenues have fallen more than $1 billion.[28] By 7 January 2020, the smoke had moved approximately 11,000 kilometres (6,800 mi) across the South Pacific Ocean to Chile and Argentina.[29][30] As of 2 January 2020, NASA estimated that 306 million tonnes (337 million short tons) of CO2 had been emitted.[31][32]

From September 2019 fires heavily impacted various regions of the state of New South Wales. In eastern and north-eastern Victoria large areas of forest burnt out of control for four weeks before the fires emerged from the forests in late December. Multiple states of emergency have been declared across New South Wales[33][34][35] and Victoria.[36] Reinforcements from all over Australia were called in to assist fighting the fires and relieve exhausted local crews in New South Wales. The Australian Defence Force was mobilised to provide air support to the firefighting effort, and to provide manpower and logistical support.[37][38] Firefighters and equipment from New Zealand, Singapore, Malaysia, Canada and the United States, among others, helped fight the fires, especially in New South Wales.[39]

There has been considerable debate regarding the underlying cause of the intensity and scale of the fires, including the role of fire management practices and climate change, and has attracted significant international attention. Politicians have received very mixed receptions when visiting areas devastated by the fires. Many millions of dollars has been donated by the public at large, international organisations, public figures and celebrities for victim relief and wildlife recovery. Convoys of donated food, clothing and livestock feed have been sent to affected areas.

Overview

[edit]

From September 2019 fires heavily impacted various regions of the state of New South Wales, such as the North Coast, Mid North Coast, the Hunter Region, the Hawkesbury and the Wollondilly in Sydney's far west, the Blue Mountains, Illawarra and the South Coast, Riverina and Snowy Mountains with more than 100 fires burnt across the state. In eastern and north-eastern Victoria large areas of forest burnt out of control for four weeks before the fires emerged from the forests in late December, taking lives, threatening many towns and isolating Corryong and Mallacoota. A state of disaster was declared for East Gippsland.[40] Significant fires occurred in the Adelaide Hills and Kangaroo Island in South Australia. Moderately affected areas were south-eastern Queensland and areas of south-western Western Australia, with a few areas in Tasmania and the ACT being mildly impacted.

Whereas these bushfires are regarded by the NSW Rural Fire Service as the worst bushfire season in memory for that state,[41] the 1974 bushfires were nationally much larger[c] consuming 117 million hectares (290 million acres; 1,170,000 square kilometres; 450,000 square miles).[42] However, due to their lower intensity and remote location, the 1974 fires caused around $5 million (about $36.5 million in 2020[43]) in damages.[42] In December 2019 the New South Wales Government declared a state of emergency after record-breaking temperatures and prolonged drought exacerbated the bushfires.[44][45]

On 11 November the Victorian Country Fire Authority (CFA) was sending in a large contingent of up to 300 firefighters and support staff to assist.[46] By mid-November 2019, more than 100 firefighters were sent from Western Australia.[47] Contingents were also sent from South Australia and the Australian Capital Territory.[47][46]

On 12 November 2019, catastrophic fire danger was declared in the Greater Sydney region for the first time since the introduction of this level in 2009 and a total fire ban was in place for seven regions, including Greater Sydney.[48] The Illawarra and Greater Hunter areas also experienced catastrophic fire dangers, and so did other parts of the state, including the already fire ravaged parts of northern New South Wales.[49] The political ramifications of the fire season have been significant. A decision by the New South Wales Government to cut funding to fire services based on budget estimates, as well as a holiday taken by Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison, during a period in which two volunteer firefighters died, and his perceived apathy towards the situation, resulted in controversy.

Bushfire smoke over the Sydney Opera House and Sydney Harbour Bridge on 29 December

As of 14 January 2020, 18.626 million hectares (46.03 million acres) was burnt or is burning across all Australian states and territories.[18] Ecologists from The University of Sydney estimated 480 million mammals, birds, and reptiles were lost since September with concerns entire species of plants and animals may have been wiped out by bushfire,[50][51] later expanded to more than a billion.[52]

Since the start of the season, the ongoing bushfires have destroyed 2,176 homes, as well as 48 facilities and more than 2,000 outbuildings in New South Wales alone.[53][54][55][56][57] Twenty people were confirmed to have been killed in New South Wales since October. The latest fatality was reported on 5 January 2020 following the death of a man in Batlow.[58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66]

In New South Wales, the fires had burnt through more land than any other blazes in the past 25 years, in addition to be being the state's worst bushfire season on record.[67][68][69] NSW also experienced the longest continuously burning bushfire complex in Australia's history, having burnt more than 4 million hectares (9,900,000 acres), with 70-metre-high (230 ft) flames being reported.[70] In comparison, the 2018 California wildfires consumed 800,000 hectares (2,000,000 acres) and the 2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires burnt 900,000 hectares (2,200,000 acres) of land.[71]

Due to safety concerns and significant public pressure, New Year's Eve fireworks displays were cancelled across New South Wales including highly popular events at Campbelltown, Liverpool, Parramatta, and across Sydney's Northern Beaches, and as well in the nation's capital of Canberra.[72][73] As temperatures reached 49 °C (120 °F), the New South Wales Premier Gladys Berejiklian called a fresh seven-day state of emergency with effect from 9am on 3 January 2020.[74][75][76]

State / territory Fatalities Homes
lost 		Area
(estimated) 		Notes
ha acres
Australian Capital Territory 1 0 0 0 No major bushfires in ACT. NSW bushfire smoke blew into the ACT causing dangerous pollution, leading to one death[77]
New South Wales 76 2,176 5,200,000 12,800,000 Area;[18] fatalities;[78] homes[79]
Northern Territory 0 5 6,800,000 16,800,000 Area, includes mainly scrub fires, which are within the normal range of area burnt by bushfires each year;[18] homes[80]
Queensland 0 48 2,500,000 6,180,000 Area, includes scrub fires;[18] homes[80][d]
South Australia 3 151 490,000 1,210,000 Area;[18] fatalities;[85] homes (KI:65)[86] (AH:86)[87]
Tasmania 0 2 36,000 89,000 Area;[18] homes[80]
Victoria 5 396 1,400,000 3,460,000 Area;[18] fatalities;[21] homes[88]
Western Australia 0 1 2,200,000 5,440,000 Area, includes scrub fires;[18] homes[80]
Total 30 2,779 18,626,000 46,000,000 [e][c][92] Total area estimate as at 14 January 2020; current figure may be more

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ "bushfire" is the Australian vernacularism for "wildfire"
  2. ^ There is no formal definition for a single bushfire[a] season across the whole of Australia. There is no one terminology used for periods of fire activity. The technical terms used for periods of fire risk and fire activity include:
    • fire weather season[1]
    • fire danger season[1][2]
    • bush fire danger period[3]
    • fire danger period[4][5]
    • fire permit period[6]
    • restricted burning times, and, prohibited burning times[7]
    • fire season[8]
    The term "Australian bushfire season", is a colloquialism broadly defined by common usage, from when the first uncontrolled fires start any time from June onwards,[9] typically shortened to "bushfire season", and applies mainly to southern and eastern Australia.[10] It can continue through to April.[11] Central and northern Australia have two separately defined fire seasons.[8][12] The colloqial term is typically used in conjunction with the technical terms when conveying information to the public.[13]
    The Australian Bureau of Meteorology defines five "fire danger seasons", being times of peak bushfire activity, roughly corresponding to broad bands of latitude across the Australian continent:[1]
    • Winter and spring, across the most northern parts of Australia
    • Spring
    • Spring and summer
    • Summer
    • Summer and autumn, across the most southern parts of Australia
    Each Australian state and territory jurisdiction defines periods of peak fire risk or fire activity differently:
    • New South Wales has a default statutory "bush fire danger period" defined in law, from 1 October to 31 March.[3] The state government can then declare different start and end dates for bush fire danger periods for each local government area within the state. In 2019 these started 1 August.[14]
    • Victoria declares a "fire danger period" for each local government area. Victorian fire danger periods typically start in October and finish as late as May.[4]
    • The South Australia Government declares a "fire danger season" for each local government area, potentially starting in October and finishing at the end of April.[2]
    • The Tasmanian Government declares "fire permit period"s for local government areas. In 2019 this commenced 31 October.[6]
    • Western Australia requires each local government area to declare its own "restricted burning times" roughly aligned with spring and autumn, and "prohibited burning times" roughly aligned with summer.[15][16][7]
    • The Northern Territory defines two broad "fire season"s, a northern fire season, which can run from April to November, and a central Australian fire season, which can run from October to March.[8] The Government also refers to these as "fire danger period"s.[5]
  3. ^ a b c Comparison to other fires in Australia:
    • The 1974-75 bushfire season burnt over 100 million hectares (250 million acres), but there are different figures reported:
      • In 1995, the Australian Bureau of Statistics reported 117 million hectares (290 million acres)[89]
      • The 2004 National Inquiry on Bushfire Mitigation and Management reported a total of 102 million hectares (250 million acres)[90]
    The extent of the 1974-75 bushfire season was not known until after the event when satellite images were analysed, due to the fires being mostly located in very remote areas of the continent.[91]
    The 1974-75 season affected mainly arid and grass lands. 2019-20 season has so far affected mainly forested land.
  4. ^ Some sources are reporting 48 homes lost in Queensland.[81] Individual reports of Queensland home losses only amount to 45:
  5. ^ Compared to a country this would rank as the 87th largest, bigger than Syria.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Bushfire weather". Bureau of Meteorology, Australia. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
  2. ^ a b "Fire Danger Season Dates". South Australian Country Fire Service. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
  3. ^ a b "Bush Fire Danger Period and Fire Permits". NSW Rural Fire Service. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
  4. ^ a b "Restrictions During the Fire Danger Period". Country Fire Association. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
  5. ^ a b "Central Australian fire season commencement". Nothern Territory Government. 4 December 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
  6. ^ a b "Fire Permit Period Declaration" (PDF). State Fire Commission, Tasmania. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
  7. ^ a b "Bush Fires Act 1954 - Western Australia". Government of Western Australia. 1954. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
  8. ^ a b c "Fire management in the NT". Northern Territory Government. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
  9. ^ "It's only October, so what's with all these bushfires? New research explains it". The Conversation. The Conversation Media Group. 10 October 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  10. ^
  11. ^ "Bush Fire Danger Period Extended until 30 April 2019". NSW Rural Fire Service. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  12. ^ Carmen Brown (31 October 2013). "Central Australia set for 'average' fire season". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  13. ^
  14. ^ "NSW RFS declares start of Bush Fire Danger Period". Media releases. NSW Rural Fore Service. 1 August 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
  15. ^ "Fire Control Information 2019/20". Waroona Shire Council. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
  16. ^ "Fire". Donnybrook Belingup Shire. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
  17. ^ Andree Withey (27 June 2019). "Bushfire season starts early across northern Australia due to ongoing hot, dry conditions". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i Noble, Freya (14 January 2020). "Government set to revise total number of hectares destroyed during bushfire season to 17 million". 9NEWS. Australia. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  19. ^ Tiernan, Finbar; O'Mallon, Eamonn (10 January 2020). "Australia's 2019-20 bushfire season". The Canberra Times. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  20. ^ Green, Matthew (14 January 2020). "Australia's massive fires could become routine, climate scientists warn". Reuters. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  21. ^ a b "Victorian bushfires death toll rises as authorities confirm contractor's death was fire-related". ABC News. Australia. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  22. ^ "The numbers behind Australia's catastropic bushfire season". SBS News. 5 January 2020. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
  23. ^ Cite error: The named reference :8 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  24. ^ Harvey, Josephine (6 January 2020). "Number Of Animals Feared Dead In Australia's Wildfires Soars To Over 1 Billion". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 7 January 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  25. ^ Cite error: The named reference :7 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  26. ^ "How The Australian Bushfires Will Impact Health". www.msn.com. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  27. ^ Butler, Ben (2020-01-08). "Economic impact of Australia's bushfires set to exceed $4.4bn cost of Black Saturday". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  28. ^ "Australian tourism industry seeks urgent help as cost of bushfires grows". Reuters. 2020-01-16. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  29. ^ "Australia bushfire smoke travels 12,000 kms to Chile". dateline. Special Broadcasting Service. 7 January 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  30. ^ "Australian bushfire smoke affecting South America, UN reports". The Guardian. Guardian News & Media. Reuters. 8 January 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  31. ^ Lee, Heesu (24 December 2019). "Bushfires Release Over Half Australia's Annual Carbon Emissions". Time. United States. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  32. ^ Lee, Heesu (24 December 2019). "Bushfires Release Over Half Australia's Annual Carbon Emissions". Retrieved 3 January 2020 – via Bloomberg.
  33. ^ "NSW Premier declares state of emergency ahead of catastrophic fire warnings". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 11 November 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  34. ^ "A State of Emergency has been declared for NSW to protect communities ahead of worsening fire and weather conditions". Government of New South Wales. 19 December 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  35. ^ Gavin Coote (2 January 2020). "State of emergency declared in NSW ahead of horror fire weekend". PM. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  36. ^ Australian Associated Press (3 January 2020). "Victorian fires: state of disaster declared as evacuation ordered and 28 people missing". The Guardian. Guardian News & Media. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  37. ^ "Defence boosts bushfire support". Department of Defence. Australian Government. 4 January 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  38. ^ McLaughlin, Andrew (7 January 2020). "Feature: ADF MOBILISES FOR OPERATION BUSHFIRE ASSIST". ADBR. Felix Advantage Pty Limited. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
  39. ^ "Australia fires: RSAF Chinooks to bring relief supplies, help with evacuation". Channel News Asia. 7 January 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  40. ^ "Victorian fires: state of disaster declared as evacuation ordered and 28 people missing". Guardian Australia. Australian Associated Press. 3 January 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  41. ^ "Worst bushfire conditions ever seen: Unprecedented danger is 'a firefighter's nightmare'". News.com.au. 12 November 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  42. ^ a b "New South Wales, December 1974 Bushfire - New South Wales". Australian Institute for Disaster Resilience. Government of Australia. Archived from the original on 13 January 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2020. roughly around 117 million ha.
  43. ^ "Conversion from 1975 to 2020 dollars". Official Data Foundation. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  44. ^ "Australia declares state of emergency as heatwave fans bushfires". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  45. ^ "Australia all-time temperature record broken again". BBC News. 19 December 2019. Archived from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  46. ^ a b "CFA sends over 300 personnel to NSW bushfires". CFA News and Media. 11 November 2019. Archived from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  47. ^ a b Logan, Francis (Minister for Emergency Services; Corrective Services); Dawson, Stephen {Minister for Environment; Disability Services; Electoral Affairs) (14 November 2019). "WA firefighters providing much-needed relief for NSW and QLD" (Press release). Government of Western Australia. Archived from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2019.{{cite press release}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  48. ^ Elsworthy, Emma (20 December 2019). "Homes may be lost, RFS warns ahead of heat surge". ABC News. Australia. Archived from the original on 28 December 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  49. ^ McNab, Heather; Stephens, Jodie (10 November 2019). "Catastrophic fire danger forecast for NSW". Illawarra Mercury. Archived from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  50. ^ O'Niell, Marnie (1 January 2020). "Half a billion animals perish in bushfires". Northern Territory News. Retrieved 4 January 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  51. ^ Pickrell, J. (17 December 2019). "As fires rage across Australia, fears grow for rare species". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aba6144. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
  52. ^ Harvey, Josephine (2 January 2020). "Nearly Half A Billion Animals Feared Dead In Australian Wildfires". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  53. ^ Evershed, Nick; Ball, Andy; Zhou, Naaman (7 January 2020). "How big are the fires burning in Australia?" (Interactive map). Guardian Australia. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
  54. ^ Keoghan, Sarah (14 November 2019). "Man charged after allegedly starting fire with fireworks". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
  55. ^ Mayers, Lily (15 November 2019). "Bushfires have destroyed more than 250 homes in NSW this week, the RFS says". ABC News. Australia. Archived from the original on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
  56. ^ New South Wales Rural Fire Service [@NSWRFS] (5 December 2019). "We've seen dangerous fire conditions this season. Building Impact Assessment teams are continuing to assess fire affected areas. Over the past month 684 homes have been destroyed and more than 9,800 buildings have been saved. #nswrfs #nswfirespic.twitter.com/fOiFzNJIhC" (Tweet). Retrieved 6 December 2019 – via Twitter.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  57. ^ "'Too big to put out': Bushfires closing in on 'major population centres' in NSW". ABC News. Australia. 6 December 2019. Archived from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  58. ^ Chrysanthos, Natassia; Muller, Sarah (5 January 2020). "NSW fires LIVE updates: RFS warns of property loss and damage to South Coast as Southern Highlands hit". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
  59. ^ Dye, Josh; Bungard, Matt (3 January 2020). "NSW fires LIVE updates: RFS continues to fight blazes, South Coast evacuations continue as state of emergency declared ahead of weekend heatwave". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  60. ^ Chung, Laura; Bungard, Matt (1 January 2020). "NSW fires LIVE updates: RFS continue to fight blazes along NSW South Coast after horrific end to 2019". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  61. ^ Noyes, Jenny; Chung, Laura; Bungard, Matt (31 December 2019). "NSW fires LIVE updates: RFS confirm two people dead in Cobargo as blazes engulf South Coast townships, issue eight emergency warnings as extreme heat hits state on New Year's Eve". Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  62. ^ Stuart, Riley; Swanston, Tim; Davies, Jessie; Lapham, Jake (30 December 2019). "NSW volunteer firefighter dies after truck rollover near Victorian border". ABC News. Australia. Archived from the original on 30 December 2019. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  63. ^ Pitt, Helen (20 December 2019). "NSW and nation mourn two dead firefighting fathers". Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
  64. ^ "Elderly couple's remains found inside home after northern NSW bushfires". Guardian Australia. Australian Associated Press. 10 October 2019. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 9 November 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
  65. ^ Nguyen, Kevin (14 November 2019). "NSW bushfire death toll rises to four". ABC News. Australia. Archived from the original on 14 November 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
  66. ^ "Out-of-control fires claim three lives, destroy more than 150 homes in NSW". ABC News. Australia. 9 November 2019. Archived from the original on 9 November 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  67. ^ Alexander, Harriet; Chung, Laura; Chrysanthos, Natassia; Drevikovsky, Janek; Brickwood, James (31 December 2019). "'Extraordinary' 2019 ends with deadliest day of the worst fire season". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  68. ^ "NSW bushfires burn through more land than any other blazes in past 25 years". SBS News. Australia. 18 November 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  69. ^ "I've been a firefighter for 20 years. The Blue Mountains bushfires are the worst conditions I've ever faced". ABC News. Australia. 27 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  70. ^ Mullins, Greg (17 December 2019). "Opinion: Come with me to the mega-blaze, Scott Morrison, and see what we're up against". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  71. ^ "Australia fires: A visual guide to the bushfires and extreme heat". BBC News. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  72. ^ "Councils cancel New Years Eve fireworks as fire risk rises". ABC Radio. Australia. 30 December 2019. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  73. ^ Chung, Natassia; Chrysanthos, Laura (30 December 2019). "Sydney's New Year's Eve fireworks to go ahead, some suburbs cancelled". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 30 December 2019. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  74. ^ Cite error: The named reference ABC-2020-01-02 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  75. ^ Cite error: The named reference SBS-2020-01-02 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  76. ^ Cite error: The named reference Guardian-2020-01-02 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  77. ^ Cite error: The named reference newdaily20200102 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  78. ^ Gorrey, Megan. "Bushfire death toll rises after injured man, 84, dies in hospital". smh.com.au. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
  79. ^ "Over 2000 homes destroyed by brutal bushfires in NSW this season". Sky News. 14 January 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  80. ^ a b c d Wuth, Robyn (8 January 2020). "Australia's catastrophic bushfire season". Wellington Times. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  81. ^ Johnstone, Craig (8 January 2020). "Degrees of burn control". The Australian. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
  82. ^ "Bushfires: more than 20 homes lost as more than 70 blazes rage in Queensland and NSW". Guardian Australia. Australian Associated Press. 7 September 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  83. ^ Crockford, Toby (20 November 2020). "Three more homes lost in Queensland bushfires as 40-degree heatwave arrives". Brisbane Times. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  84. ^ Massie, Eilish; Flatley, Christine (18 December 2019). "Homes destroyed and trio hurt as bushfires rage in Lowmead, Mount Maria areas". The Courier Mail. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  85. ^ Kolovos, Benita (8 January 2020). "Father-of-two Mat Kavanagh identified as third Victorian bushfire victim". 7NEWS. Australia. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  86. ^ Polychronis, Gabriel; Gailberger, Jade (14 January 2020). "Kangaroo Island bushfire likely to continue for weeks, with flare-ups every afternoon". The Advertiser. Adelaide. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  87. ^ "Adelaide Hills bushfire has destroyed 86 homes, SA Premier says". ABC News. Australia. 23 December 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  88. ^ Ilanbey, Sumeyya (19 January 2020). "Crews to be pulled from fire zones as heavy rains tipped to lash state". The Age. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
  89. ^ Cheney, N. P.; CSIRO Division of Forestry (1 January 1995). "BUSHFIRES - AN INTEGRAL PART OF AUSTRALIA'S ENVIRONMENT". 1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 1995. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 14 January 2020. In 1974-75 [...] fires burnt over 117 million hectares or 15 per cent of the total land area of this continent.
  90. ^ Ellis, S.; Kanowski, P.; Whelan, R. J. (31 March 2004). "National Inquiry on Bushfire Mitigation and Management, Council of Australian Governments". Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  91. ^ Chang, Charis (8 January 2020). "How the 2019 Australian bushfire season compares to other fire disasters". news.com.au. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  92. ^ Remeikis, Amy; Zhou, Naaman (8 January 2020). "Australia fires live: third death in Victoria confirmed as NSW bushfires communities assess damage – latest updates". Guardian Australia. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Aoziwe/sandbox/201920bfslead&oldid=936846672"