User:Antonio Calossi/sandbox
An ophthalmotrope (from the Greek roots ὀφθαλμοῦ, ophthalmos, i.e. eye and -τροπή, -tropē, i.e. turning) is an apparatus for demonstrating the movements of the eye and the action of the different muscles which produce them, consisting essentially of a model eyeball to which are attached strings and pulleys to duplicate the line force of the muscles. Movements of the eye are kinematically complex and can be described as a combination of rotations about changing rotation centers. But even when ocular mechanics are simplified to pure rotations about a head-fixed rotation center, their noncommutative property makes them difficult to visualize. Donders, Ruete, von Graefe, von Helmholtz, Listing, Volkmann and many others have provided the broad outline of an answer to the question how the eye rotates during eye movements. Eye movements are described in the literature by at least three different main oculomotor coordinate systems, namely, the Helmholtz, Fick, and rotation vector/quaternion or Listing's system.[1]
History
[edit]
Historically, mechanical representations of oculomotor mechanics have been used for visualization of eye movements and their interaction with visual geometry. Many mechanical models of eye movements have been constructed and studied in the nineteenth century.[2] [3] The first ophthalmotrope was made by Christian Georg Theodor Ruete in 1845 [4] and it was he who gave it the name “ophthalmotrope”. Ruete's first version ophthalmotrope had the eye mounted in nested gimbals, and his second model,[5] which emulated Listing's law, mounted the rotation axis in a rotatable ring. Ruete’s second model of 1857 was an altogether more sophisticated model that demonstrates both the movements of the eye and, importantly, the action of the ocular muscles. Both Donders’s and Listing’s laws can be demonstrated on this model. The degree of muscle contraction or extension can be measured on a scale at the back of the model. Other ophthalmotropes were designed lather by Landolt, Knapp, Donders and Snellen. Recently, Schreiber and Schor [6] have published a modern software version of ophthalmotrope. They presented a virtual gimbaled model of the oculomotor system, which provides accurate visualization of the kinematics of the three major oculomotor coordinate systems and qualitative estimates of the effects of the different coordinate systems on ocular torsion. The virtual ophthalmotrope presented by Schreiber and Schor is a modification and extension of Donders' design,[7] by adding Listing's extended law and displacement plane geometry to its basic visualization capabilities.
References
[edit]- ^ Horner, D.G. "Oculomotor Functions & Neurology". Indiana University School of Optometry. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ^ Simonsz, H. J. (1990). "19th century mechanical models of eye movements, Donders' law, Listing's law and Helmholtz' direction circles" (PDF). Doc Ophthalmol. 74 (1–2): 95–112. doi:10.1007/BF00165667. PMID 2209371.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ den Tonkelaar, I.; Henkes, H.E.; van Leersum, G. K. (1996). Eye and instruments. Nineteenth-century ophthalmological instruments in the Netherlands. Amsterdam: Batavian Lion. pp. 175–186.
- ^ Ruete, Christian Georg Theodor (1845). Das Ophthalmotrop, dessen Bau und Gebrauch. Göttinger Studien. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht.
- ^ Ruete, Christian Georg Theodor (1857). Ein neues Ophthalmotrop, zur Erläuterung der Functionen der Muskeln und brechenden Medien des menschlichen Auges. Leipzig: Druck und Verlag von B. G. Teubner.
- ^ Schreiber, Kai M.; Schor, Clifton M. (2007). "A virtual ophthalmotrope illustrating oculomotor coordinate systems and retinal projection geometry". Journal of Vision. 7 (10): 4 1–14. doi:10.1167/7.10.4. PMID 17997673.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Donders, F.C. (1870). "Die Bewegungen des Auges, veranschaulicht durch das Phaenophthalmotrop". Archive für Ophthalmologie. 16: 154–175.
Further reading
[edit]- Leigh, R.J.; Zee, D.S. (2006). The neurology of eye movements. Oxford University Press.
External links
[edit]- "Binocular Vision Demonstration Apparatus". History of Medical Sciences, University of Oxford. Retrieved 31 August 2013.