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This is just a practice to see what citing is like.[1]

  1. ^ Veys, Lucy; Derry, Sheena; Moore, R. Andrew (2016-09-22). "Ketoprofen for episodic tension-type headache in adults". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 9: CD012190. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012190.pub2. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 6457784. PMID 27654948.

Stings

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Box jellyfish are small and venomous.

Jellyfish are armed with nematocysts, a type of specialized stinging cell[1]. Contact with a jellyfish tentacle can trigger millions of nematocysts to pierce the skin and inject venom,[2] but only some species' venom causes an adverse reaction in humans.[3] In a study published in Communications Biology, researchers found a jellyfish species called Cassiopea xamachana which when triggered will release tiny balls of cells that swim around the jellyfish stinging everything in their path. Researchers described these as "self-propelling microscopic grenades" and named them cassiosomes.[4]

The effects of stings range from mild discomfort to extreme pain and death.[5][6] Most jellyfish stings are not deadly, but stings of some box jellyfish (Irukandji jellyfish), such as the sea wasp, can be deadly. Stings may cause anaphylaxis (a form of shock), which can be fatal. Jellyfish kill 20 to 40 people a year in the Philippines alone. In 2006 the Spanish Red Cross treated 19,000 stung swimmers along the Costa Brava.[6][7]

Vinegar (3–10% aqueous acetic acid) may help with box jellyfish stings[8][9] but not the stings of the Portuguese man o' war.[8] There is low certainity evidence from one study that vinegar may also make the skin appear worse.[1] Salt water may help if vinegar is unavailable.[8][10]Immersing the sting in hot water may be the most effective way to reduce the pain from a Physalia sting.[1] Covering it with an iced pack may help significantly relieve pain as well.[1] Rubbing wounds, or using alcohol, ammonia, fresh water, or urine is not advised, as they can encourage the release of more venom.[11] Clearing the area of jelly and tentacles reduces nematocyst firing.[11] Scraping the affected skin, such as with the edge of a credit card, may remove remaining nematocysts.[12] Once the skin has been cleaned of nematocysts, hydrocortisone cream applied locally reduces pain and inflammation.[13] Antihistamines may help to control itching.[12] Immunobased antivenins are used for serious box jellyfish stings.[14][15]

Feedback

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Looks great so far. Just a few quick tips:

  1. References go after the punctuation like this.[16]
  2. For stating a result that has really low quality of evidence, it usually makes sense to include the certainity. For example, I see in the abstract the following "Treatment with vinegar or Adolph's meat tenderizer compared with hot water made skin appear worse (one trial, 25 participants, RR 0.31, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.72; low-quality evidence)." I made a suggestion in your above text, in bold. Please feel free to modify, this is just an idea!
  3. You can add a wikilink to technical terms. E.g.: nematocysts, a type of specialized stinging cell. Wikilinks can be added by highlighting the term and then clicking the "link" button that is beside the cite. it looks like a small chain link and when pressed it searches Wikipedia for articles related to your term. JenOttawa (talk) 14:55, 8 July 2021 (UTC)


  1. ^ a b c d Li, Li; McGee, Richard G.; Isbister, Geoff; Webster, Angela C. (2013-12-09). "Interventions for the symptoms and signs resulting from jellyfish stings". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (12): CD009688. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009688.pub2. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 24318773.
  2. ^ Purves, W.K.; Sadava, D.; Orians, G.H.; Heller, H.C. 1998. Life. The Science of Biology. Part 4: The Evolution of Diversity. Chapter 31
  3. ^ "Jellyfish Tanks and live pet Jellyfish for sale at Jellyfish Art – Buy Jellyfish and Jellyfish tanks". jellyfishart.com. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
  4. ^ Giaimo, Cara (2020-02-13). "You Didn't Touch These Jellyfish, but They Can Sting You With Tiny Grenades". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-02-27.
  5. ^ Mahon, Andrew; Mallinson, Tom E (2020). "Lion's mane jellyfish sting". International Paramedic Practice. 10 (2): 46–48. doi:10.12968/ippr.2020.10.2.46. ISSN 2052-4889.
  6. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference smith was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Adams, Julie (13 August 2016). "Box Jellyfish: Why are they so deadly?". Our Beautiful Planet. Archived from the original on 10 September 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
  8. ^ a b c Fenner, P.; Williamson, J.; Burnett, J.; Rifkin, J. (1993). "First aid treatment of jellyfish stings in Australia. Response to a newly differentiated species". Medical Journal of Australia. 158 (7): 498–501. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1993.tb137588.x. PMID 8469205. S2CID 42453046.
  9. ^ Currie, B.; Ho, S.; Alderslade, P. (1993). "Box-jellyfish, Coca-Cola and old wine". Medical Journal of Australia. 158 (12): 868. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1993.tb137688.x. PMID 8100984. S2CID 19857333.
  10. ^ Yoshimoto, C.; Leong, Fui-Ming; Rudloe, Jack (2006). "Jellyfish species distinction has treatment implications". American Family Physician. 73 (3): 391. PMID 16477882.
  11. ^ a b Hartwick, R.; Callanan, V.; Williamson, J. (1980). "Disarming the box-jellyfish: nematocyst inhibition in Chironex fleckeri". Medical Journal of Australia. 1 (1): 15–20. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1980.tb134566.x. PMID 6102347. S2CID 204054168.
  12. ^ a b Perkins, R.; Morgan, S. (2004). "Poisoning, envenomation, and trauma from marine creatures". American Family Physician. 69 (4): 885–90. PMID 14989575.
  13. ^ Simmons, Brian J.; Griffith, Robert D.; Falto-Aizpurua, Leyre A.; Nouri, Keyvan (2015). "Moon Jellyfish Stings". JAMA Dermatology. 151 (4): 454–6. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2014.4644. PMID 25517656.
  14. ^ Baxter, E. H.; Marr, A. G. M. (May 1974). "Sea wasp (Chironex fleckeri) antivenene: Neutralizing potency against the venom of three other jellyfish species". Toxicon. 12 (3): 223–225. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(74)90062-2. PMID 4156430.
  15. ^ "Jellyfish Stings: Treatment and Drugs". Mayo Clinic. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. 1 September 2011. Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2013.
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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