User:Anonchemist/Chemical synthesis
Organic Synthesis
[edit]SN1 Reaction:
[edit]SN1 is a class of nucleophilic substitution reactions where it involves 2 steps between a central carbon and leaving group. The first step is a slow, rate determining step where the bond between the central atom and leaving group breaks forming a carbocation. The second step is faster, as it involves a nucleophile attacking the empty carbocation. It removes the leaving group in the molecule and forms a new C-Nu bond. SN1 reactions are best reacted with secondary or tertiary alkyl halides, with tertiary alkyl halides being the most optimal molecule to react with.
SN2 Reaction:
[edit]Similar to SN1, SN2 is also a class of nucleophilic substitution reactions where it involves 2 steps between a central carbon and leaving group. SN2 reactions are concerted, meaning they are a one step process. It is a process where the nucleophile attacks an electrophilic carbon, and the bond of leaving group and carbon will be broken at the same time. A set of lone pair electrons from the nucleophile attacks the electrophilic carbon of the alkyl halide to form a sp2 transition state, then forms a new C-Nu bond. SN2 reactions are best reacted with primary or secondary alkyl halides, with primary alkyl halides being the most optimal molecule to react with.
Important Applications in Organic Synthesis:
[edit]Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling:
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Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling is a metal-catalyzed reaction involving a palladium catalyst to cross-couple a boronic acid to an organohalide. The reaction is used to create new carbon-carbon bonds to make conjugated systems of compounds such as alkenes, styrenes and biaryl compounds. Suzuki coupling involves 3 steps: oxidative addition, transmetallation and reductive elimination.
There are important applications in Suzuki-Miyaura Cross Coupling, as their advantages are that they can react in mild reaction conditions and their starting materials are easy to obtain. They are also known for their low toxicity, as boronic acids are easy to handle and obtain in the market. This reaction is commonly used for synthesizing biaryls, which are important compounds in industrial chemistry and pharmaceuticals. Medical fields utilize biaryls as a key step producing bio-active molecules for medicines. They are privileged structures that have a high affinity and are capable of binding to multiple receptors for biological activity.Other applications include producing polymers for electronic chip insulation and using compounds for organic light emitting diodes. Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling has important applications for polymer synthesis.
Polymer Synthesis:
[edit]Polymers are long-chain repeating molecules that are created from monomers, which are joined together by covalent bonding to form polymer structures. Polymer synthesis has important applications in materials chemistry and medical fields, as they are essential for creating nano materials in medicine which helps diagnose, treat, and prevents certain types of diseases. There are two groups of polymer synthesis reactions: condensation and addition polymerization.
In condensation polymerization, it involves the elimination of small molecules (often water) to form polymers. It happens between two different bi-functional or tri-functional monomers. In addition polymerization, polymer growth requires an initiator that produces the initiator species with reactive centres, such as a free radical, anion, cation, or organometallic complex.
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https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/polymer-synthesis?srsltid=AfmBOoodcYXkfXwRx5PcF1kmLCkZl4nYxaf6sa3D0QZBk0pE1owmiWoxhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/367536589_New_Technologies_in_Polymer_Synthesis_and_Applications_of_Polymers#:~:text=Polymer%20nanocomposites%20offer%20to%20modern,applications%2C%20drug%20delivery%2C%20etc.