User:AnnikaDoner/sandbox
The Symbiosis
[edit]The relationships among the firms comprising the Kalundborg Eco-Industrial Park form an industrial symbiosis. Generally speaking, the actors involved in the symbiosis at Kalundborg exchange material wastes, energy, water, and information.[1] The Kalundborg network involves a number of actors, including a power station, two big energy firms, a plaster board company, and a soil remediation company. Other actors include farmers, recycling facilities, and fish factories that use some of the material flows.[1] Kalundborg Municipality plays an active role. Additionally, other actors, such as Novoren, a recycling and urban land field firm, are formally part of the network but do not contribute tangibly in the exchange.[1]
Partners
[edit]The Kalundborg Eco-Industrial Park today includes nine private and public enterprises, some of which are some of the largest enterprises in Denmark.[2] The enterprises are:
- Novo Nordisk - Danish company and largest producer of insulin in the world
- Novozymes - Danish company and largest enzyme producer in the world
- Gyproc - French producer of gypsum board
- Kalundborg Municipality
- Dong Energy - owner of Asnaes Power Station, the largest power plant in Denmark
- RGS 90 - Danish soil remediation and recovery company
- Statoil - Norwegian company which owns Denmark's largest oil refinery
- Kara/Novoren - Danish waste treatment company
- Kalundborg Forsyning A/S - water and heat supplier, as well as waste disposer, for Kalundborg citizens[2]
Material Exchanges
[edit]
There are currently over thirty exchanges of materials among the actors of Kalundborg.[3] The Asnaes Power Station is at the heart of the network.[4]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Domenech, Teresa (2011). "Structure and morphology of industrial symbiosis networks: The case of Kalundborg". Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences. 10: 82. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.01.011.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Kalundborg Symbiosis. "Partners". Retrieved 4/14/13.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ Kalundborg Municipality. "Kalundborg Symbiosis". Retrieved 4/14/13.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ Ehrenfeld, John (1997). "Industrial Ecology in Practice: The Evolution of Interdependence at Kalundborg". Journal of Industrial Ecology. 1: 67-79. doi:10.1162/jiec.1997.1.1.67. S2CID 8076213.
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