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A number of earlier studies (on smaller scales) reported similar bias.[1] A further indication for the trend was a 2008 finding that the lifetime narcissistic personality disorder more prevalent for men (7.7%) than for women (4.8%).[2]
In the handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder, there are two types of narcissism which are overt and covert narcissism. Overt narcissism is associated with being grandiose, arrogant and being the center of attention. They also have no regard for other people’s feelings but their own. Covert narcissism is associated with vulnerability to stress, worry, and are overly sensitive to criticism. Sexual narcissism describes a person who even though have a low self-esteem, also have an egotistical sense of their sexual ability and think they have a sexual right from their partner.[3]
In 2008, a study was done to find the differences in narcissism and courtship violence in dating couples. The study focused on the exploitativeness/entitlement factor present in the three subtypes of narcissism mentioned above. The study concluded that there is a positive association between exploitativeness/entitlement and sexual coercion for women in both couples. Whereas, men had a positive correlation between physical assault and covert narcissism. There was also a connection between sexual narcissism and sexual coercion in their partners.[4]
In "Perfectionism and narcissism: Testing unique relationships and gender differences, the study hypothesized that perfectionism is related to narcissism and whether there is any difference in relation to women and men. Their hypothesis was similar to other theoretical models that shows that men are more likely than women to expect perfectionism from others. But narcissistic women usually show off their perfect nature to others.[5]
In a research to study psychological entitlement and ambivalent sexism in narcissism, ambivalent sexism was explained by classifying it into benevolent and hostile sexism. their study concluded that entitlement has a strong relationship with benevolent sexism when it comes to women and hostile sexism in men. In reverse, entitlement does not predict hostile sexism in women, neither does it predict benevolent sexism in men.[6]
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Gender Differences in Narcissism
Sources for final topic;
- [1] Engendering narcissism: A qualitative study of the experience of gender in men and women with narcissistic pathology
- [2] Perfectionism and narcissism: Testing unique relationships and gender differences
- [3] The handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder : theoretical approaches, empirical findings, and treatments
- [4][null Self-Esteem, Narcissism, and Aggression: Does Violence Result From Low Self-Esteem or From Threatened Egotism?]
- [5] [null Psychological Entitlement and Ambivalent Sexism: Understanding the Role of Entitlement in Predicting Two Forms of Sexism.]
- ^ Joshua D. Foster, W. Keith Campbell, Jean M. Twenge, "Individual differences in narcissism: Inflated self-views across the lifespan and around the world", Journal of Research in Personality, Volume 37, Issue 6, December 2003, Pages 469–486, doi:10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00026-6. Quote: "The results suggest that (1) reported narcissism declines in older participants, (2) consistent with previous findings, males report being more narcissistic than females, (3) that ethnic differences in reported narcissism are generally comparable to those found in the self-esteem literature, and (4) that world region appears to exert influence on narcissism, with participants from more individualistic societies reporting more narcissism."
- ^ Grijalva et al. (2015) citing Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Goldstein, R. B., Chou, S. P., Huang, B., Smith, S. M., . . .Grant, B. F. (2008). "Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM–IV narcissistic personality disorder: Results from the wave 2 national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69, 1033–1045. doi:10.4088/JCP.v69n0701
- ^ Keith., Campbell, William; D., Miller, Joshua (2012-01-01). The handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder theoretical approaches, empirical findings, and treatments. John Wiley et Sons. ISBN 1118029240. OCLC 874412118.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Ryan, Kathryn M.; Weikel, Kim; Sprechini, Gene (2008-06-01). "Gender Differences in Narcissism and Courtship Violence in Dating Couples". Sex Roles. 58 (11–12): 802–813. doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9403-9. ISSN 0360-0025.
- ^ Sherry, Simon B.; Gralnick, Tara M.; Hewitt, Paul L.; Sherry, Dayna L.; Flett, Gordon L. (2014-04-01). "Perfectionism and narcissism: Testing unique relationships and gender differences". Personality and Individual Differences. 61–62: 52–56. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.007.
- ^ Grubbs, Joshua B.; Exline, Julie J.; Twenge, Jean M. (2014-03-01). "Psychological Entitlement and Ambivalent Sexism: Understanding the Role of Entitlement in Predicting Two Forms of Sexism". Sex Roles. 70 (5–6): 209–220. doi:10.1007/s11199-014-0360-1. ISSN 0360-0025.