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User:Amir Ghandi/Siyah Pushan

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Siyah Pushan Rebellion
Date1537/1538
Location
Result Suppression of rebellion
Belligerents
Siyah Pushan Safavid empire
Commanders and leaders
Mohammad Saleh Bitikchi Tahmasp I

The Siyah Pushan Rebellions (Persian: شورش سیاه پوشان, romanizedSiyāh Pūshān, lit.'Wearers of black'[1]) was a peasant revolt centred around the city of Astarabad (modern-day Gorgan) during the early years of Safavid empire.

Background

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The position of Astarabad

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At the onset of the 16th century, Astarabad was a zone of contention between fighting armies and raiding brigands.[2] The main contesters over the region were the Uzbeks of Central Asia, the Turkmen tribes that had immigrated into the region as early as the 15th century, and the newly risen Safavid dynasty.[3][4] In 1507, the city came under the control of Muhammad Shaybani, ruler of the Uzbeks of Bukhara; but Ismail I, founder of the Safavid empire, drove out the Uzbeks from Astarabad and eastern Iran in 1510.[5]

Bitikchi family

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In the Mongol administration, bitikchi was a title for scribes.[6] Khwaja Sayf al-Din Mozzafar Bitikchi was a scribe in the service of the last Timurid rulers.[7] When Khorasan was overrun by Muhammad Shaybani, many bureaucrats including him fled westwards to central Iran.[8] In 1508, Shaybani, , entered Astarabad and appointed him as his representative in the region.[5]

In 1510, Ismail I, during his expedition to drive the Uzbeks out of Khorasan, camped outside of Astarabad. Mozzafar went to his encampment. giving him numerous gifts and offering his fealty. In return, Ismail appointed him as the governor of Astarabad.[5] The incorporation of the Bitikchi family was an important step for Ismail, because they were the most distinguished administrative family of Astarabad, and their services were coveted by anyone controlling western Khorasan.[9] Mozzafar continued his rule over Astarabad until his death in 1533.[7] He was a powerful landowner and had his own personal seal.[10][11]

Th leader of the Siyah Pushan, Mohammad Saleh Bitikchi, was a son (or a nephew) of Sayf al-Din Mozzafar and held the governorship of Astarabad.[12]

Siyah Pushan movement

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Citations

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  1. ^ Abisaab 2015, p. 471.
  2. ^ Reid 2009, p. 37.
  3. ^ Neyestani 2002.
  4. ^ Çınar 2020, p. 12.
  5. ^ a b c Çınar 2020, p. 25.
  6. ^ Aigle 2008, p. 73.
  7. ^ a b Ardalan Far 2015, p. 7.
  8. ^ Mitchell 2003, p. 497.
  9. ^ Mitchell 2009, p. 48.
  10. ^ Abisaab 2015, p. 474.
  11. ^ Matufi 1995, p. 193.
  12. ^ Abisaab 2015, p. 475.

Bibliography

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