User:Amir Ghandi/Siyah Pushan
| Siyah Pushan Rebellion | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Siyah Pushan | Safavid empire | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Mohammad Saleh Bitikchi | Tahmasp I | ||||||
The Siyah Pushan Rebellions (Persian: شورش سیاه پوشان, romanized: Siyāh Pūshān, lit. 'Wearers of black'[1]) was a peasant revolt centred around the city of Astarabad (modern-day Gorgan) during the early years of Safavid empire.
Background
[edit]The position of Astarabad
[edit]At the onset of the 16th century, Astarabad was a zone of contention between fighting armies and raiding brigands.[2] The main contesters over the region were the Uzbeks of Central Asia, the Turkmen tribes that had immigrated into the region as early as the 15th century, and the newly risen Safavid dynasty.[3][4]
Bitikchi family
[edit]In the Mongol administration, bitikchi was a title for scribes.[5] Khwaja Sayf al-Din Mozzafar Bitikchi was a scribe in the service of the last Timurid rulers.[6] When Khorasan was overrun by Muhammad Shaybani, many bureaucrats including him fled westwards to central Iran.[7] In 1508, Shaybani, ruler of Uzbeks of Bukhara, entered Astarabad and appointed him as his representative in the region.[8]
In 1510, Ismail I, during his expedition to drive the Uzbeks out of Khorasan, camped outside of Astarabad. Mozzafar went to his encampment. giving him numerous gifts and offering his fealty. In return, Ismail appointed him as the governor of Astarabad.[8] The incorporation of the Bitikchi family was an important step for Ismail, because they were the most distinguished administrative family of Astarabad, and their services were coveted by anyone controlling western Khorasan.[9] Mozzafar continued his rule over Astarabad until his death in 1533.[6] He was a powerful landowner and had his own personal seal.[10][11]
Th leader of the Siyah Pushan, Mohammad Saleh Bitikchi, was a son (or a nephew) of Sayf al-Din Mozzafar and held the governorship of Astarabad.[12]
Siyah Pushan movement
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ Abisaab 2015, p. 471.
- ^ Reid 2009, p. 37.
- ^ Neyestani 2002.
- ^ Çınar 2020, p. 12.
- ^ Aigle 2008, p. 73.
- ^ a b Ardalan Far 2015, p. 7.
- ^ Mitchell 2003, p. 497.
- ^ a b Çınar 2020, p. 25.
- ^ Mitchell 2009, p. 48.
- ^ Abisaab 2015, p. 474.
- ^ Matufi 1995, p. 193.
- ^ Abisaab 2015, p. 475.
Bibliography
[edit]- Abisaab, Rula Jurdi (2015). "Peasant Uprisings in Astarabad: the Siyāh Pūshān (wearers of black), the Sayyids, and the Safavid State". Iranian Studies. 49 (3). London: Routledge: 471–492. doi:10.1080/00210862.2015.1004836. ISSN 1475-4819. OCLC 1367762903.
- Aigle, Denise (2008). "Iran under Mongol domination: The effectiveness and failings of a dual administrative system". Bulletin d'études orientales. 57. France: Institut français du Proche-Orient: 65–78. doi:10.4000/beo.159. ISSN 2077-4079. JSTOR 41608609. OCLC 938929419.
- Alzaviri, Mahjub (2003). "سیاه پوشان، شورشیان ناشناخته صفوی" [Siyah Pushan, Untknown Rebels of Safavid Era]. History and Geography Book of the Month (in Persian) (70/71). Tehran: Khānah-i Kitāb: 50–54. ISBN 6005505963. OCLC 777364040.
- Ardalan Far, Neda (2015). "مروری بر وقفنامه خواجه مظفر بتکچی؛ نخستین نقشه جغرافیایی استرآباد" [An overview of Khawaja Mozaffar Betekchi's waqf-nameh; The first geographical map of Astarabad]. Mirdamad Quarterly (in Persian). 1 (3). Gorgan: Mirdamad Cultural Institute: 6–18. ISSN 2588-5243.
- Çınar, Gülay Karadağ (2020). "Esterâbâd'da Safevî Hâkimiyetini Tehdit Eden Unsurlar: Siyah-Puşan Ve Sayın Hanî Türkmenleri" [Threats to Safavid Dominance in Estarabad: Siyah Pushan and Sayin Khan Turkmens]. Avrasya Uluslararası Araştırmalar Dergisi (in Turkish). 8 (23). Turkey: Kürşat Öncül: 108–132. doi:10.33692/avrasyad.732519. ISSN 2147-2610.
- Matufi, Asad Allah (1995). استراباد و گرگان در بستر تاريخ ايران : نگاهى به ٥٠٠٠ سال تاريخ منطقه [Astarabad and Gorgan in the history of Iran: a look at 5000 years of history of the region]. Mashhad: Intishārāt-i Darakhshish. OCLC 39896191.
- Mitchell, Colin P. (2009). The Practice of Politics in Safavid Iran: Power, Religion and Rhetoric. New York: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-0857715883.
- Mitchell, Colin P. (2003). "To Preserve and Protect: Husayn Va'iz-i Kashifi and Perso-Islamic Chancellery Culture". Iranian Studies. 36 (4). London: Routledge: 485–507. doi:10.1080/021086032000139195. ISSN 1475-4819. OCLC 1367762903.
- Reid, James J. (2009). "Rebellion and Social Change in Astarābād, 1537-1744". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 13 (1). New York: Cambridge University Press: 35–53. doi:10.1017/S0020743800055069. ISSN 0020-7438. JSTOR 163286.