User:AmakIdris/Paramedic
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Occupational hazards
[edit]Paramedics are exposed to a variety of hazards such as lifting patients and equipment, treating those with infectious disease, handling hazardous substances, and transportation via ground or air vehicles. Employers can prevent occupational illness or injury by providing safe patient handling equipment, implementing a training program to educate paramedics on job hazards, and supplying PPE such as respirators, gloves, and isolation gowns when dealing with biological hazards.
Infectious disease has become a major concern, in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. In response, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other agencies and organizations have issued guidance regarding workplace hazard controls for COVID-19. Some specific recommendations include modified call queries, symptom screening, universal PPE use, hand hygiene, physical distancing, and stringent disinfection protocols. Research on ambulance ventilation systems found that aerosols often recirculate throughout the compartment, creating a health hazard for paramedics when transporting sick patients capable of airborne transmission. Unidirectional airflow design can better protect workers.
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[edit]To further safeguard paramedics, incorporating evidence-based strategies for managing chemical exposures and environmental risks is crucial. In the US, agencies such as the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the World Health Organization (WHO) offer comprehensive guidelines that highlight the integration of safety protocols, technological advancements, and procedural innovations to enhance paramedic safety and well-being.[1]
Types of Occupational Hazards
[edit]Physical Injuries
[edit]Paramedics are widely recognized to face high risks of physical injuries in their line of work. More than 22,000 EMS providers visit the emergency room each year for work-related injuries.[2] Some physical injuries encountered when providing healthcare services include lifting injuries, back strains, and needlestick incidences. Injuries such as sprains and strains mostly occur in the back and neck, and injuries are most prevalent while responding to 911 calls, which include patient care and transport.[2] These injuries are prevalent but not impossible to overcome; they require preventive measures to minimize the chance of them happening. Safe lifting techniques and patient-handling equipment are major factors in reducing paramedics’ physical injury risk.[3] Workers with less than 10 years’ experience are most at risk, pointing to the need for targeted prevention strategies for newer employees.[2] By employing the proposed measures to reduce physical injuries, it will be possible to mitigate the hazards faced by paramedics, to help paramedics stay safe while rendering the most needed services.[4]
Infectious Diseases
The risk of contracting infectious diseases is common in the paramedic profession. The COVID-19 pandemic strengthens the necessity of following safety protocols.[5] Preventive measures for healthcare workers from needlestick injuries and infectious disease is critical. Including, the immediate disposal of sharps in puncture-resistant containers, and wearing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) and strict adherence to post-exposure protocols, enhances safety. Additionally, staying updated with vaccinations, including those for flu, COVID-19 and Hepatitis B, and adhering to infection control practices, such as hand hygiene, environmental cleaning, and specialized control programs, are vital for preventing infections like MRSA, TB, and COVID-19.[6] Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) usage in implementation and vaccination compliance are effective transmission reduction measures for infectious diseases among paramedics. Exposures to blood pathogens and body fluids through incidents, for example, needlestick injuries which jeopardizes paramedics at risk of infectious diseases such as Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C, and HIV affecting around 6,000 EMS workers.[7][8][2] This realization strengthens the need for science-based methods in preventing the occupational risks posed by infectious diseases with a foregrounding of the role of preventative measures geared towards protecting the health of paramedic professionals and, at the same time, the community.[9]
Chemical Exposures
Paramedics encounter daily risks associated with handling hazardous chemicals. As a result, they must understand how to deliver care safely to remain protected in the service provision. They need to remain cautious for them to stay safe in the process of providing care. There are numerous associated risks from chemical exposures in prehospital settings.[8] The use of PPE and standard precautions are necessary to prevent harmful exposures for paramedics.[2] Desirable implementation of the ordered processing of hazardous material and the proper decontamination process are effective strategies in combating hazard risk. Such steps are necessary to ensure fewer cases of health hazards to paramedics.
Environmental and Operational Hazards
[edit]Paramedics are confronted with many challenges exhibited in the form of environmental and operational risks, primarily during transportation. These transportation-related hazards should be considered and addressed in prehospital care.[10] Slips, trips, and falls; motor vehicle incidents; and violence or assaults have huge impact on paramedics' occupational hazards, resulting to thousands of paramedics impacted annually.[11][2] Vehicle safety features need to be known by paramedics, and so must undergo exhaustive emergency driving training, which looks into curbing the provisions that are the peril of transportation. Paramedics are frequently assaulted by patients or bystanders affecting around 2,000 EMS workers annually, which further hammers the need for training on de-escalation.[2][5] NIOSH and the Department of Homeland Security have conducted ambulance crash testing, resulting in the development of 10 test methods published by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) to reduce and eliminate crash-related injuries to EMS workers.[2] Through effective training, the threat cases are more likely to be mitigated, and the paramedics will have a better chance to provide services as required.
Protective Measures and Equipment
[edit]
One way of ensuring paramedics work at optimal efficiency is to provide them with protective equipment and gear to mitigate the possible risks when executing their duties. PPE keeps paramedics’ occupational risks low.[12] Examples of PPEs include gloves, masks, and gown or specific clothing; they protect workers from physical, biological, and chemical hazards. The different types of PPE include respiratory, eye, face, and hand protection. Under respiratory protection, paramedics can use N95 masks to filter airborne contaminants. Chemical splashes are also a common hazard faced by paramedics, where safety gaggles can be used for eye protection. Underhand protection, paramedics can employ gloves mainly to curb burns. One of the principles of PPE is that choices should be guided by specific risks associated with various emergencies, which warrant different PPE requirements.[13]
Mental Health and Stress Management
[edit]
Paramedic are involved in challenging professions and can be subject to different kinds of psychological stress, for instance, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, or severe burnout. The psychological aspect is intertwined with the nature of the paramedics' work. Exposure to traumatic events such as accidents, medical emergencies, and violence are some of the factors undermining the psychological health of paramedics.[7] Mental health issues, including depression, anxiety, and substance abuse, are some of the mental health issues paramedics are likely to get exposed to due to their nature of work as compared to the general population.[14] Stable support systems that may include peer counselling and the availability of mental health resources become essential in building the resilience of paramedic professionals. Peer counselling programs appear to be an effective stress management strategy for paramedics.[9] Taking part in open discussions with other peers who understand what the employee is going through determines the necessary supportive grounds that facilitate managing and processing feelings related to this work.
Health Risks and Monitoring
[edit]The long-term health risks that need to be observed by the paramedics are Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and cancer risk. There are a variety of challenges paramedics encounter, including PTSD, which should provide a compelling reason to implement preventive mental health measures within this profession.[6] Moreover, there is an extra risk for CVDs because of the heaviness of emergency response operations. There is a need to emphasize cancer risk and the importance of constant exploration and individualized prevention patterns. Besides, there is the cumulative effect of fatigue, violence, and trauma on the health of paramedics. As a result, there is a need for systematic monitoring and preventive measures in health among paramedics.[15] It is necessary to study long-term health risks for paramedics and apply a prophylactic approach to maintaining the health state of healthcare professionals.[13]
Regulatory Guidelines and Recommendations
[edit]The regulatory guidelines are fundamental in eliminating occupational risk in paramedicine; authoritative bodies like the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the World Health Organization (WHO) provide specific guidelines. For example, in United States, physical, chemical, and biological hazards are managed by operating under the guidelines and recommendations offered by NIOSH and OSHA, targeting the healthcare industry especially.[16] These include properly using PPE, handling hazardous substances, and adequately managing workplace violence. Moreover, the WHO provides global views by laying international standards to protect the well-being of the staff involved in the healthcare provided, irrespective of whether it is an emergency or routine operation.[17] Such regulatory bodies, as the ones promoting national and global safety standards, ensure that evidence-based approaches reinforce adherence to their occupational health being safeguarded.
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Occupational hazards Outline
[edit]Lead
[edit]To further safeguard paramedics, incorporating evidence-based strategies for managing chemical exposures and environmental risks is crucial. Health agencies like OSHA and WHO offer comprehensive guidelines that underscore the integration of safety protocols, technological advancements, and procedural innovations to enhance paramedic safety and well-being. [18]
Article body
[edit]1- Types of Occupational Hazards
[edit]Physical Injuries
Infectious Diseases
Chemical Exposures
Environmental and Operational Hazards
2- Protective Measures and Equipment
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ U.S fire administration (2022). EMS Safety Practices. 16825 South Seton Ave. Emmitsburg, MD 21727: FEMA.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h "Emergency Medical Services Workers | NIOSH | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2022-08-29. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
- ^ Fratta, Kyle A.; Levy, Matthew J.; Brothers, James M.; Baer, Gamaliel D.; Scharf, Becca; Fratta, Kyle A.; Levy, Matthew J.; Brothers, James M.; Baer, Gamaliel D.; Scharf, Becca (2020-09-12). "Occupational Injury Claims Related to Patient Lifting and Moving in a Safety-Oriented Emergency Medical Services Agency". Cureus. 12 (9): e10404. doi:10.7759/cureus.10404. ISSN 2168-8184. PMC 7550220. PMID 33062522.
- ^ US fire administration (2022). EMS Safety Practices. MD, USA: FEMA.
- ^ a b Verbeek, Jos H; Rajamaki, Blair; Ijaz, Sharea; Sauni, Riitta; Toomey, Elaine; Blackwood, Bronagh; Tikka, Christina; Ruotsalainen, Jani H; Kilinc Balci, F Selcen (2020-04-15). Cochrane Work Group (ed.). "Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body fluids in healthcare staff". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 4 (4): CD011621. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011621.pub4. PMC 7158881. PMID 32293717.
- ^ a b Hoell, Andreas; Kourmpeli, Eirini; Dressing, Harald (2023). "Work-related posttraumatic stress disorder in paramedics in comparison to data from the general population of working age. A systematic review and meta-analysis". Frontiers in Public Health. 11. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1151248. ISSN 2296-2565. PMC 10035789. PMID 36969652.
- ^ a b Alzahrani, Adnan; Keyworth, Chris; Wilson, Caitlin; Johnson, Judith (2023-05-05). "Causes of stress and poor wellbeing among paramedic students in Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom: a cross-cultural qualitative study". BMC Health Services Research. 23 (1): 444. doi:10.1186/s12913-023-09374-y. ISSN 1472-6963. PMC 10163716. PMID 37147658.
- ^ a b Charlier, Bruno; Coglianese, Albino; De Rosa, Federica; De Caro, Francesco; Piazza, Ornella; Motta, Oriana; Borrelli, Anna; Capunzo, Mario; Filippelli, Amelia; Izzo, Viviana (2021-01-14). "Chemical Risk in Hospital Settings: Overview on Monitoring Strategies and International Regulatory Aspects". Journal of Public Health Research. 10 (1): jphr.2021.1993. doi:10.4081/jphr.2021.1993. ISSN 2279-9036. PMC 8018262. PMID 33849259.
- ^ a b Tamminga, Sietske J; Emal, Lima M; Boschman, Julitta S; Levasseur, Alice; Thota, Anilkrishna; Ruotsalainen, Jani H; Schelvis, Roosmarijn MC; Nieuwenhuijsen, Karen; van der Molen, Henk F (2023-05-12). Cochrane Work Group (ed.). "Individual-level interventions for reducing occupational stress in healthcare workers". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2023 (5): CD002892. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002892.pub6. PMC 10175042. PMID 37169364.
- ^ Becker, Julia; Hugelius, Karin (2021-12-18). "Driving the ambulance: an essential component of emergency medical services: an integrative review". BMC Emergency Medicine. 21 (1): 160. doi:10.1186/s12873-021-00554-9. ISSN 1471-227X. PMC 8684175. PMID 34922453.
- ^ Reichard, Audrey A.; Marsh, Suzanne M.; Tonozzi, Theresa R.; Konda, Srinivas; Gormley, Mirinda A. (2017-07-04). "Occupational Injuries and Exposures among Emergency Medical Services Workers". Prehospital Emergency Care. 21 (4): 420–431. doi:10.1080/10903127.2016.1274350. ISSN 1090-3127. PMC 10227644. PMID 28121261.
- ^ McCann-Pineo, Molly; Li, Timmy; Barbara, Paul; Levinsky, Brian; Berkowitz, Jonathan (2022-05-05). "Factors Influencing Use of Personal Protective Equipment Among Emergency Medical Services Responders During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Retrospective Chart Review". Western Journal of Emergency Medicine. 23 (3): 396–407. doi:10.5811/westjem.2022.2.55217. ISSN 1936-900X. PMC 9183770. PMID 35679488.
- ^ a b U.S fire administration (2022). EMS Safety Practices. 16825 South Seton Ave. Emmitsburg, MD 21727: FEMA.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ Lawn, Sharon; Roberts, Louise; Willis, Eileen; Couzner, Leah; Mohammadi, Leila; Goble, Elizabeth (2020-07-03). "The effects of emergency medical service work on the psychological, physical, and social well-being of ambulance personnel: a systematic review of qualitative research". BMC Psychiatry. 20 (1): 348. doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02752-4. ISSN 1471-244X. PMC 7332532. PMID 32620092.
- ^ Kearney, Jason; Muir, Carlyn; Smith, Karen; Meadley, Ben (September 2023). "Exploring factors associated with paramedic work-related psychological injury through data linkage". Journal of Safety Research. 86: 213–225. doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2023.05.012. ISSN 0022-4375. PMID 37718050.
- ^ "chemical hazards". 2023.
{{cite web}}:|first=missing|last=(help) - ^ "Health emergencies". www.who.int. Retrieved 2024-04-04.
- ^ "U.S. Fire Administration" (PDF). www.usfa.fema.gov. 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)