User:Alunsalt/sandbox

Thoughts on Editing

This has now gone to WP:ANI so a draft RfC would appear to be irrelevant.

Re-working the Methods section

I agree with Wandalstouring that this is lacking something. When I wrote it I was keen to get away from the usual clichés, but to new readers these probably aren't clichés and there's a reason why the routes are so well trodden. So after the Iwaniszewski quote I'd suggest:

There is no one way to do Archaeoastronomy. The divisions between archaeoastronomers tend not to be between the physical scientists and the social scientists. Instead it tends to depend on the location of the researcher. The effects of the isolated development of archaeoastronomy in different places can still often be seen in research today. Broadly the methods can be divided into three categories, referred to by the colours of the book jackets they first identified in.

Green Archaeoastronomy

Green Archaeoastronomy is named after the cover the book Archaeoastronomy in the Old World . It is primarily statistically led and is a particularly approach for prehistoric sites where the social evidence is relatively scant compared to the historic period. The basic methods were developed by Alexander Thom during his extensive surveys of British megalithic sites.

Thom wished to examine whether or not prehistoric peoples used high-accuracy astronomy. He believed that by using horizon astronomy, observers could make estimates of dates in the year to a specific day. The observation would require finding a place where on a specific data the sun set into a notch on the horizon. A common theme would be a mountain which blocked the Sun, but on the right day would allow the tiniest fraction to re-emerge on the other side for a 'double sunset'. The animation below shows two sunsets at a hypothetical site, one the day before the summer solstice and one at the summer solstice, which has a double sunset.

To test this idea he surveyed hundreds of stone rows and circles. Any individual row could be aligned on a point by chance, but he planned to show that together the distribution of alignments was non-random, showing that there was an astronomical intent to orientation of at least some of the rows. His results indicated the existence of eight special days in the year. The two solstices, the two equinoxes and four cross-quarter days, days half-way between a solstice and the equinox. This became known as the Celtic calendar. While not all the conclusions have been accepted it has had a enduring influence on archaeoastronomy, especially in Europe.

Euan MacKie has most strongly supported Thom's analyses adding to which he added an archaeological context by comparing Neolithic Britain to the Mayan civilisation to argue for a stratified society in this period. To test his ideas he conducted a couple of excavations at proposed prehistoric observatories in Scotland. Kintraw is a site notable for its four metre high standing stone. Thom proposed that this was a foresight to a point on the distant horizon between Beinn Shianaidh and Beinn o'Chaolias on Jura. This Thom argued was a notch on the horizon where a double sunset would occur at midwinter. However, from ground level the site of the standing stone, this sunset would be obscured by a ridge in the landscape. The viewer would need to be raised by two metres. Therefore another observation platform was needed. This was identified across a gorge where a platform formed from small stones. The lack of artefacts caused concern for some archaeologists and the petrofabric analysis was inconclusive, but further research at Maes Howe and on the Bush Barrow Lozenge leads MacKie to conclude that while 'science' may be anachronistic, Thom was broadly correct upon the subject of high-accuracy alignments.

In contrast Clive Ruggles has argued that there are problems with the selection of data in Thom's surveys. meaning that the arguments for high accuracy astronomy are unproven. Nonetheless the study of alignments remains a staple of archaeoastronomical research, especially in Europe.

Brown Archaeoastronomy

In contrast to the largely alignment-orientated statistically-led methods of Green archaeoastronomy, Brown archaeoastronomy has been identified as being closer to History of Astronomy by Anthony Aveni.

Blue Archaeoastronomy

Fabian and Australian aboriginals?

Hybrid Methods

Medieval churches, Spence in Egypt?

References

• MacKie, E (1997). "Maeshowe and the winter solstice: ceremonial aspects of the Orkney Grooved Ware culture". Antiquity. 71(272): 338–359.
• MacKie, E (2006). "New Evidence for a Professional Priesthood in the European Early Bronze Age". In Todd W. Bostwick and Bryan Bates (ed.). Viewing the Sky Through Past and Present Cultures: Selected Papers from the Oxford VII International Conference on Archaeoastronomy. Pueblo Grande Museum Anthropological Papers. Vol. 15. City of Phoenix Parks and Recreation Department. pp. 343–362. ISBN 1-882572-38-6.
• Ruggles, C.L.N. and Barclay, G. (2000). "Cosmology, calendars and society in Neolithic Orkney: a rejoinder to Euan MacKie". Antiquity. 74(283): 62–74.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)