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gggggg 3-5 Potential Articles: - Confidence https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence - Trust(Social Sciences) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_%28social_sciences%29 - emotional intimacy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_intimacy - physical intimacy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_intimacy

This book is divided in four major parts: The point of view of Social Behaviorism, the Mind ,the Self and the Society. George H. Mead shows a psychological analysis through the behavior.

I - Add content:

A - Trust:

- Experiment of Garfinkel: exp 1 ( ask student to do whatever they want at home + reaction family) ; exp 2(systematicly students say that they do not trust their friends when they say something or act + their reaction, they are made, hangry and hate their friends after that). It shows the difficulty to perpetrate an absence of trust in the moral social order. 

-  Necessary for economic transaction ( Fred Hirsch: "Public Good") and essential for stable relationships (Peter Blau).

- trust = expectation of regularity, order in the routine, the moral world, every life. 

- Trust permits a social control, for example for the power.

- Trust is not established in the same way and does not have the same boundaries in function of the relationship : friends, family, business, public and politic. 

- It is difficult to obtain trust because of the lack in the memory, the confidentiality, the knowledge and the importance of the TIME. 

-         Vladimir Ilych Lenine expresses this idea of uncertainity of trust with the sentence “Trust is good, control is better”, “Vertraun ist gust, Kontrol noch besser”.

-         Trust is based on a system of limits because there are boundaries to the things and people we can trust.

-         Trust is based on the self-regulating and the individual responsibility to make the effort to assume the duty that we have by being trusted.

-         There is a crisis of trust because of the omnipresence of the social network in our society. In fact, there are a lot of low-quality information and even false or rumors. It creates a lack of confidence in our close social environment. The world connection creates a cascading failure dynamic which raise the probability for the other users to also have bad information and start to be concern by this lack of trust.

 B - Emotional Intimacy:

- Be more emotionally invested in a relationship than the partner : Lost of power

- Emotional Intimacy = Enhance the physical and physiologic well-being ( Ornish 98.

- Berger and Keller : Conversation = crucial role in the building of intimacy and long distant can paradoxically facilitate it.

- The emotional intimacy is difficult to create cause of social barriers, norms. For example, an emotional intimacy between men is harsh to create because of the role of the man in the society, the competition pressure, the fear of the vulnerability, the homophobe. Olstad (1975), and Powers & Bultena (1976) shows that with the best friend relationship. Men have a lot of best friends of the same sex but a big majority discuss of the important topics and decisions with their female friends.

 II - New Sources:

- Karen S. Cook, Trust in Society, Russell Sage Foundation, New York 2001. 

- Sinclair, Development and validation of the Emotional Intimacy Scale, ISSN : 1061-3749, Vol 13. 

- Mcallister, Shelece, Thornock, Carly, Hammond, Jeffrey, Holmes, Errin, Hill: The influence of Couple Emotional Intimacy on Job Perceptions and Work-Family conflicts, Family and consumer Sciences Research Journal June 2012, Vol 40.

- Jurkane-Hobein, Iveta; Imagining the Absent Partner: Intimacy and Imagination in Long-distance relationships, Journal: Innovative Issues and appraoches in social sciences, vol 8.

-         Adam B. Seligman, American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Trust and Sociability: On the limits of Confidence and Role Expectations, 1998.

-         Chengqi Yi, Yuanyuan Bao, Elsevier (journal), Modeling cascading failures with the crisis of trust in Social Networks, 2015.

-         Robert A. Louis, Journal of social issues, Emotional Intimacy among men, 1978Emotional :

-The interdependence between all the individuals contains our freedom. By maintaining a strong relationships, individuals need to follow written and unwritten rules to permit a community life. They also ask for services to different people to fulfill the mandatory aspects of their life. It is impossible for an indvidual to occupy all the positions in the society that he needs, to be able to live in the society. So, the individual is constantly forced to be dependent of people that he did not choose or he has selected by default. But, according to Hegel, the individual chooses with who he is going to have an intimacy, and thus he can have more freedom and choose to be "ourselves". The freedom is even more important because it does not subject of the public property or of the private secrecy. The emotional intimacy can be seen as a buble, an exeption which permit to put apart the individual. But paradoxally, this intimacy, with the Love for example, creates a stronger self-confidence which is developed by a process of socialization. So emotional intimacy also permitted to be easily integrated in the society. Moreover, the individual can stay dependent of the social process because the intimacy’s relationships can be framed by the society. For exemple, a family or a couple need to be declare to the states and follow government laws.

- Harry Blatterer, Everyday Friendships: Intimacy as Freedom in a Complex World, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015)

-It is a social phenomenon so, it is influenced by the society but it also has an influence on the society. There is an evolution of the norms with the evolution of the intimacy. For example, the new family laws which allow individuals to go away of the nuclear family model.

-Harry Blatterer, Everyday Friendships: Intimacy as Freedom in a Complex World, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015)

-Be more emotionally invested in a relationship than the partner can be considered as a lost of power. But Ornish shows that emotional intimacy also enhance the physical and physiologic well-being. The individual is stronger to be a part of the social process and thus, he can have a more powerful impact to make evolve the values’ system of the society.

Sinclair, Development and validation of the Emotional Intimacy Scale, ISSN : 1061-3749, Vol 13.

-Berger and Kellner consider the conversation as a key point in every emotional intimacy relationship. They show this with the example of a long-distance relationship. Their different studies prove that a long-distance relationship can be stronger, in comparison with a normal one, because it forces the two partners to enhance the conversation process (déjà ecrit).

-The emotional intimacy is difficult to create because of social barriers, norms. For example, an emotional intimacy between men is harsh to create owing to the role of the man in the society, the competition pressure, the fear of the vulnerability, the homophobe. Olstad (1975), and Powers & Bultena (1976) show that with the best friend relationship. Men have a lot of best friends of the same sex but a big majority discuss of the important topics and decisions with their female friends. So, this freedom created with the emotional intimacy is no complete. The society determines or at least has a strong influence on the building of a emotional intimacy relatonship.

Robert A. Louis, Journal of social issues, Emotional Intimacy among men, 1978

Trust

-Trust is a social phenomenon, it does not exist outside of our other’s vision. This image can be real or imaginary but it is this one which permits the creation of the Trust (already done).

Linda R. Weber, Allison I. Carter, The Social Construction of Trust ( Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, 2003)

-This trust is possible because of our expectations are created thanks to the legitimacy to trust people in the society. The individual evolves in the society and his behavior is influenced by the norms which frame this society. It is a norm that the individual needs to trust the others in his quotidian. The social position of the others also help to trust them. The social norms give credits to the different status. To have one of those status is considered as a prove of well behavior in this area. So, the trust is in perpetual construction because the evolution of the society creates an perpetual evolution of the norms. Thus, the degree of trust in each individual and his own status depends of the view of this function depending of norms’s evolution.

 Linda R. Weber, Allison I. Carter, The Social Construction of Trust ( Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, 2003)

-This construction of the trust permits to establish and develop the relationships between the individuals. These new relationships develop until a state of self discolure if the two individuals stay in this relationship of mutual trust.

Linda R. Weber, Allison I. Carter, The Social Construction of Trust ( Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, 2003)

-Garfinkel shows with his experiences the difficulty to perpetrate an absence of trust in the moral social order. First, he asks student to do whatever they want at home and he observes a strong negative reaction for family members. Secondly he asks students to systematicly say that they do not trust their friends when they say something or act. The friends see this lack of trust as agressive and they get made, angry and hate their friends after that. Trust is seen as reductor of social complexity but also as a creator of respect between individuals. It is a powerful tool, a major actor for society’s progress.

Bernard Barber, The Logic And Limits Of Trust, ( Rutgers University Press, New Jersy, 1983)

For Fred Hirsch, Trust is a public good necessary for economic transaction.

- Trust is based on expectations. It creates a regularity, an order in the routine, the moral world, and every life.

Bernard Barber, The Logic And Limits Of Trust, ( Rutgers University Press, New Jersy, 1983)

-Trust is not established in the same way and does not have the same boundaries in function of the relationship : friends, family, business, public and politic. Trust is based on a system of limits because there are boundaries to the things and people we can trust. Paradoxally trust is a powerful tool which coexist with a perpetual mistrust.

Bernard Barber, The Logic And Limits Of Trust, ( Rutgers University Press, New Jersy, 1983)

-It is difficult to obtain trust because of the lack in the memory. The brain does not remember every elements of his life on the long-term and some important facts can be at the origin of a new mistrust in a relationship. The confidentiality is also hard to obtain because an individual needs to have a certain status in the society to be believable or to be engage in a emotional intimacy relationship with the other individual. The knowledge is also a limit because the whole of knowledge is to big. The dependence developped because of a lack of knowledge is hard to overcome owing it is based on believing someone to act for our interest in an unknown area. The time is also a strong limit. The build of trust takes time, and even more after a distrust.

Linda R. Weber, Allison I. Carter, The Social Construction of Trust ( Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, 2003)

-Vladimir Ilych Lenine expresses this idea with the sentence “Trust is good, control is better” (déjà fait)

-Trust is based on the self-regulating and the individual responsibility to make the effort to assume the duty that we have by being trusted.

Adam B. Seligman, American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Trust and Sociability: On the limits of Confidence and Role Expectations, 1998.

-There is a crisis of trust because of the omnipresence of the social network in our society. In fact, there are a lot of low-quality information and even false or rumors. It creates a lack of confidence in our close social environment. The world connection creates a cascading failure dynamic which raise the probability for the other users to also have bad information and start to be concern by this lack of trust.

Chengqi Yi, Yuanyuan Bao, Elsevier (journal), Modeling cascading failures with the crisis of trust in Social Networks, 2015

Emotional :

-The interdependence between all the individuals contains our freedom. By maintaining a strong relationship, individuals need to follow written and unwritten rules to permit a community life. They also ask for services to different people to fulfill the mandatory aspects of their life. It is impossible for an individual to occupy all the positions in society that he needs, to be able to live in this society. So, the individual is constantly forced to be dependent of people that he did not choose or he has selected by default.

But, according to Hegel, the individual chooses with who he is going to have an intimate relationship, and thus he can have more freedom and choice to be "ourselves". This freedom is even more important because it allows the individual not to be the subject of public property or of private secrecy. The emotional intimacy can be seen as a bubble, an exception which permits to separate the individual. Paradoxically, this intimacy, with Love for example, creates a stronger self-confidence which is developed by a process of socialization. So emotional intimacy also permits to be easily integrated in society. The individual stays dependent of the social process because the intimate relationships can be framed by society. For example, a family or a couple needs to declare their status and follow government laws.

- Harry Blatterer, Everyday Friendships: Intimacy as Freedom in a Complex World, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015)

-This is a social phenomenon so, it is influenced by society but it also has an influence on the society. There is an evolution of the norms with the evolution of intimacy. For example, the new family laws allow individuals to go away of the nuclear family model.

-Harry Blatterer, Everyday Friendships: Intimacy as Freedom in a Complex World, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015)

-Being more emotionally invested in a relationship than the other partner can be considered as a loss of power. Emotional intimacy can also enhance the physical and physiologic well-being.

Sinclair, Development and validation of the Emotional Intimacy Scale, ISSN : 1061-3749, Vol 13.

- Emotional intimacyvinvolves a perception of closeness toranother that allows sharingrof personal feelings, accompaniedrby expectations of understanding,daffirmation,eand desmonstrationgof caring.

Sinclair, Development and validation of the Emotional Intimacy Scale, ISSN : 1061-3749, Vol 13.

- The 5-item Emotional Intimacy Scale (EIS) is a scale which enables to evaluate the emotional intimacy in a relationship. The goal of this scale is to predict the different outcomes produced by the existence of an intimate relationship. This scale is based on a study of different items which are fundamental components of an intimate relationship.

People need to answer to a questionnaire where there judged the degree of truth of each of these components in comparison with their actual situation. They are five of them: (cf voir photo).

These results are putting in correlation with specific values which characterize an individual such as psychological and physical well-being, social support, and health. This scale proves a positive relationship between an increase of EIS and an increase for the individual of social support, self-efficiency, life satisfaction and other positive effects. It also shows the negative relation between a decrease of EIS and an increase of stress, pain, and fatigue for the individual. An intimate relationship gives a sentiment of purpose and belonging which increases the physiological and psychological well-being.

( for example: ornish: chances to die earlier or important disease “-( times more importance without an intimate relationship.

Sinclair, Development and validation of the Emotional Intimacy Scale, ISSN : 1061-3749, Vol 13.

-Conversation is a key point in every emotional intimate relationship. For example, a long-distance relationship is purely based on conversation. A long-distance relationship can be stronger, in comparison to a normal one, because it forces the two partners to enhance the conversation process.

-Emotional intimacy is difficult to create because of social barriers or norms. For example, emotional intimacy between men is hard to create owing to the role of masculinity in society: the competition pressure, the fear of vulnerability, being homophobe. Men have a lot of best friends of the same sex but a big majority discuss important topics and decisions with their female friends. Society determines or at least has a strong influence on the building of an emotional intimate relationship.

Robert A. Louis, Journal of social issues, Emotional Intimacy among men, 1978

Trust

-Trust is a social phenomenon, it does not exist outside of our other’s vision. This image can be real or imaginary but it is this one which permits the creation of the trust (already done).

Linda R. Weber, Allison I. Carter, The Social Construction of Trust ( Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, 2003)

-This trust is possible because our expectations are created thanks to the tendency to trust people in the society. The individual evolves in the society and their behavior is influenced by the norms which frame this society. It is a norm that the individual needs to trust the others in their quotidian. The social norms give credit to people’s respective role in society. To have one of those statuses is considered as a proof of competency. So, the trust is in perpetual construction because the evolution of the society creates a perpetual evolution of the norms. Thus, the degree of trust in each individual and their own status depends of the view of this function depending on norms’ evolution.

 Linda R. Weber, Allison I. Carter, The Social Construction of Trust ( Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, 2003)

-This construction of trust permits the establishment and development of relationships between individuals. These new relationships will develop until a state of self-disclosure if the two individuals stay in this relationship of mutual trust.

Linda R. Weber, Allison I. Carter, The Social Construction of Trust ( Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, 2003)

-Garfinkel shows with his experiences the difficulty to perpetrate an absence of trust in the moral social order. First, he asks student to do whatever they want at home and he observes a strong negative reaction for family members. Secondly he asks students to systematically say that they do not trust their friends when they say something or act. The friends see this lack of trust as agressive and they get made, angry and hate their friends after that. Trust is seen as reductor of social complexity but also as a creator of respect between individuals. It is a powerful tool, a major actor for society’s progress.

Bernard Barber, The Logic And Limits Of Trust, ( Rutgers University Press, New Jersy, 1983)

For Fred Hirsch, Trust is a public good necessary for economic transaction.

- Trust is based on expectations. It creates a regularity, an order in the routine, the moral world, and everyday life.

Bernard Barber, The Logic And Limits Of Trust, ( Rutgers University Press, New Jersy, 1983)

-Trust is not established in the same way and does not have the same boundaries in function of the different relationships. Such as the relationships found between friends, family, business, public and politics. Trust is based on a system of limits because there are boundaries to the things and people we can trust. Paradoxically, trust is a powerful tool which coexists with a perpetual mistrust.

Bernard Barber, The Logic And Limits Of Trust, ( Rutgers University Press, New Jersy, 1983)

-It is difficult to obtain trust because of the failure in the memory. The brain does not remember every element of its life in the long-term and some important facts can be at the origin of a new mistrust in a relationship. The confidentiality is also hard to obtain because an individual needs to have a certain status in the society to be believable or to be engaged in an emotionally intimate relationship with another individual. The knowledge is also a limit because the whole of knowledge is too big. The dependence developed because of a lack of knowledge is hard to overcome. It is based on trusting someone to act in our best interest in an unknown area. The time is also a strong limit. The building of trust takes time, and even more after a moment of distrust.

Linda R. Weber, Allison I. Carter, The Social Construction of Trust ( Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, 2003)

-Vladimir Ilych Lenine expresses this idea with the sentence “Trust is good, control is better” (déjà fait)

-Trust is based on the self-regulating and the individual responsibility to make the effort to assume the duty that we have by being trusted.

Adam B. Seligman, American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Trust and Sociability: On the limits of Confidence and Role Expectations, 1998.

-There is a crisis of trust because of the omnipresence of the social network in our society. In fact, there is a lot of low-quality information and even false or rumors. It creates a lack of confidence in our close social environment. The world connection creates a cascading failure dynamic which raises the probability for the other users to also have bad information and start to be concerned by this lack of trust.

Chengqi Yi, Yuanyuan Bao, Elsevier (journal), Modeling cascading failures with the crisis of trust in Social Networks, 2015