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For other uses, see Anacaona (disambiguation).

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Anacaona (ca.1474?–1504), or Golden Flower, was a Taíno cacica, or female cacique (chief), a religious expert, a poet[citation needed] and a composer[citation needed] born in Xaragua.[1] Before the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492, Ayiti or Quisqueya to the Taínos (the Spaniards named it La Española, i.e., Hispaniola — now known as the Dominican Republic and Haiti) was divided into five kingdoms: Xaragua, Maguana, Higüey, Maguá, and Marién. Anacaona was born into a family of caciques. She was the sister of Bohechío, the ruler of Xaragua.[2]

She succeeded Bohechío as cacica after his death.[3]

In 1503, Nicolás Ovando, the governor of the island, visited Xaragua. He suspected an insurrection was brewing among the Taíno chiefs, including Anacaona, presently in the kingdom.[3] Ovando gave the order for the caciques to be captured and burned. However, Anacaona would herself be hung.[3][4]

Early life and family

[edit]

Anacaona was born in Yaguana (present-day Léogâne, Haiti),[5] the capital of Jaragua, [6] in circa 1474. Her name was derived from the Taíno words ana, meaning 'flower', and caona, meaning 'gold, golden.'[7] Anacaona's brother Bohechío was a local chieftain. He extended his rule in 1475 to include all territories west of Xaragua. Through consolidation of his influence and power, Bohechío married Anacaona to Caonabo, cacique of Maguana.[8] Together they had one daughter, Higüemota.

On December 4, 1492,[9] Christopher Columbus arrived in the kingdom of Marién (present-day Mole St Nicholas, Haiti.)[10] He was in search of a direct route to the Indies (India). Upon arrival, he was greeted by the Taínos, who were much smaller in stature compared to the Spaniards. Columbus was gifted with gold, corn, and other items. In 1493, the Spanish Crown established a colony whose sole purpose was to excavate for gold and other precious metals. With the establishment of the new colony Santo Domingo, the Taíno were kidnapped and enslaved to satisfy the needs of the Crown (many Taíno women were raped and those Taínos who resisted the Spaniards were murdered).[7][8][11]

In 1493, Caonabo was arrested for ordering the destruction of La Navidad (a Spanish colony in the northwestern part of the island) and its people.[8] He was shipped to Spain and died in a shipwreck during the journey.[12] When Caonabo was captured, Anacaona returned to Xaragua and served as an advisor to Bohechío.[13]

In 1498, Bohechío was confronted by Bartholomew Columbus, brother of Christopher Columbus and founder of the city of Santo Domingo, who arrived in Xaragua with his troops to subdue Bohechío and conquer his territory. The purpose of the Spaniards in so doing was to acquire gold. With his power weakened, Bohechío, advised by Anacaona, decided to recognize the sovereignty of the Catholic Monarchs. Instead of fighting, he committed himself to pay the tribute levied by the Spaniards with products such as cotton, bread, corn, and fish.

After Bohechío died in 1500, Anacaona ruled as cacica until her execution in 1503.[14][13]

Arrest and death

[edit]
Massacre of the queen and her subjects, by Joos van Winghe, published in 1598 in the Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias written by Bartolomé de las Casas.

In the fall of 1503, Governor Nicolás Ovando and his party of 300 traveled on foot to Xaragua.[15] They were received in a lavish ceremony by Anacaona, her nobles, and several Taíno chiefs.[15]

While the Taíno presented the reception as a gesture of welcome, the Spanish saw it as being an elaborate distraction.[16][17] Ovando's party was under the impression that Anacaona and the Taíno chiefs present at the reception were planning an insurrection.[16] Ovando lured the chiefs into a caney (large hut) for a Spanish tournament and gave the signal for the Spaniards to seize and bind the caciques.[15] They were burned in the caney while other Taínos of lower rank were slaughtered outside. Anacaona was hung.[18][17]

According to historian Troy S. Floyd, the accuracy of the accounts of this event remain uncertain for many reasons.[17] For one, even though the separate accounts made it seem as though it was a perfectly segregated fight along racial lines, the two groups had coexisted and intermarried for six years prior.[17] For another, it is unclear why the Spaniards would lure the Taínos into a trap.[17] However, there was a history of violence where the Taíno were kidnapped and enslaved to satisfy the needs of the Crown (many Taíno women were raped and those Taínos who resisted the Spaniards were murdered).

[19][20][21] Additionally, fifty Spaniards were killed;[17] this is a high number of casualties considering that the Europeans deployed superior military technology. Finally, the Xaragua caciques were respected as some of the most intelligent on the island and it is unlikely that they could be lured into a hut if they were planning their own revolt.[17][15]

According to Sir Arthur Helps' book The Spanish Conquest in America (1855), Nicolás Ovando renamed the place where Anacaona was murdered “The City of True Peace” (La Villa de la Vera Paz), "...in honor of his recent triumph". The arms assigned to the city were "...a rainbow and a cross, with a dove bearing the olive branch!".

Legacy and influence

[edit]

Anacaona, as a poet and composer, is accordingly memorialized in contemporary art and literature across the Caribbean region.[22] A statue commemorating her legacy is in Léogâne, Haiti. The tallest building in the Caribbean, Torre Anacaona 27, is named after her, in the Dominican Republic. The song Anacaona, lead vocals by Cheo Feliciano, popularizes her story.[23]

Anacaona Band

[edit]

To try and preserve the memory of this Taíno Queen, Concepción "Cuchito" Castro Zaldarriaga and her sisters formed the first all-female orchestra in Havana named Anacaona (band) in her honor. Along with her 10 other sisters Concepción Castro Zaldarriaga created this Latin jazz band in the early 1930s and they would make their first official appearance in February of 1932.[24] The band would remain active on and off for the next several decades and would even host a 85th anniversary tour in Cuba in 2017.

Literature

[edit]
  • The Royal Diaries series, Anacaona: Golden Flower, Haiti, 1490 by Edwidge Danticat[25]
  • Anacaona, la Reine Taino d'Ayiti by Maryse N. Roumain, PhD.[26]

Music

[edit]

References

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  1. ^ Shriver, Cameron (2017). "Native American Almanac: More Than 5,000 Years of the Cultures and Histories of Indigenous People Yvonne Wakim Dennis, Arlene Hirschfelder, and Shannon Rothenberger Flynnby". Great Plains Quarterly. 37 (3): 242–243. doi:10.1353/gpq.2017.0044. ISSN 2333-5092. S2CID 164720748.
  2. ^ Dictionary of Caribbean and Afro-Latin American biography. Knight, Franklin W., and Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. Oxford. 2016. ISBN 978-0-19-993580-2. OCLC 952785428.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  3. ^ a b c Las Casas, Bartolome (1552). A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies.
  4. ^ "Anacaona, la cacica aborigen que desafió a Cristóbal Colón y fue condenada a una trágica muerte". BBC News Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-11-30.
  5. ^ "MUSEO ANACAONA - Taino Museum ~ the History of the Queen Anacaona".
  6. ^ Hall, Michael R. (2012). Historical Dictionary of Haiti. Scarecrow Press. p. 158. ISBN 9780810878105.
  7. ^ a b Dictionary of Caribbean and Afro-Latin American biography. Knight, Franklin W., and Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. Oxford. 2016. ISBN 978-0-19-993580-2. OCLC 952785428.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  8. ^ a b c Hoeg, Jerry (2015-09-02). "Manuel de Jesús Galván's Enriquillo: A novel look at the environment of marriage in the first colony". Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies. 40 (3): 385–393. doi:10.1080/08263663.2015.1090709. ISSN 0826-3663.
  9. ^ "Hispaniola | Genocide Studies Program". 14 June 2024.
  10. ^ "Môle Saint-Nicolas | Haiti | Britannica".
  11. ^ Medina, P.M.A. (2017). "CARTAS de Pedro de Córdoba y de la Comunidad Dominica, algunas refrendadas por los Franciscanos". Guaraguao. 21 (54). El Centro de Estudios y Cooperación para América Latina (CECAL): 155–207. ISSN 1137-2354. JSTOR 44871987. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
  12. ^ Las Casas, Bartolome (1552). A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies.
  13. ^ a b Las Casas, Bartolome (1552). A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies.
  14. ^ Foreign Service Journal. Vol. 4. 1927. p. 141.
  15. ^ a b c d Clayton, Lawrence A. Bartolomé de las Casas : a biography. Cambridge. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-139-51846-8. OCLC 796803875.
  16. ^ a b Las Casas, Bartolome (1552). A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g Floyd, Troy (1973). The Columbus Dynasty in the Caribbean, 1492-1526. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 61–63.
  18. ^ Las Casas, Bartolome (1552). A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies.
  19. ^ Dictionary of Caribbean and Afro-Latin American biography. Knight, Franklin W., and Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. Oxford. 2016. ISBN 978-0-19-993580-2. OCLC 952785428.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  20. ^ Hoeg, Jerry (2015-09-02). "Manuel de Jesús Galván's Enriquillo: A novel look at the environment of marriage in the first colony". Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies. 40 (3): 385–393. doi:10.1080/08263663.2015.1090709. ISSN 0826-3663.
  21. ^ Medina, P.M.A. (2017). "CARTAS de Pedro de Córdoba y de la Comunidad Dominica, algunas refrendadas por los Franciscanos". Guaraguao. 21 (54). El Centro de Estudios y Cooperación para América Latina (CECAL): 155–207. ISSN 1137-2354. JSTOR 44871987. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
  22. ^ Danticat, Edwidge, 1969- (2005). Anacaona, Golden Flower (1st ed.). New York, NY: Scholastic. ISBN 0-439-49906-2. OCLC 55671862.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ Anacaona: Cheo Feliciano. Lyrics.com Accessed 1 February 2020.
  24. ^ Acosta, Leonardo (2003). Cubano be, Cubano bop : one hundred years of jazz in Cuba. Washington: Smithsonian Books. ISBN 9781588341471. OCLC 51566587.
  25. ^ Danticat, Edwidge, 1969- (2005). Anacaona, Golden Flower. Scholastic. ISBN 0-439-49906-2. OCLC 55671862.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ Roumain, Maryse Noël (August 2012). Anacaona, Ayiti's Taino queen = Anacaona, la reine Taino d'Ayiti. Obina, Donnie,, Fiève, Michèle Jessica. [Montréal]. ISBN 978-1-4669-5199-0. OCLC 853575206.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  27. ^ Ansy & Yole Derose - Anakaona, 20 June 2010, archived from the original on 2021-12-15, retrieved 2019-12-15
  28. ^ Anacaona - Super Sonic 747 de Larose, 9 June 2014, archived from the original on 2021-12-15
  29. ^ Anacaona - Eddy François, 18 July 2014, archived from the original on 2021-12-15
  30. ^ Cheo Feliciano - Anacaona, 30 October 2014, archived from the original on 2021-12-15, retrieved 2019-12-15
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