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Microcosm

General

Ethymology

The English word microcosm originally comes from the Ancient Greek μικρόκοσμος. The Latin word microcosmus developed from the original Greek word. Microcosmus means something like, small world in miniature. The French word microcosme was formed from the Latin, before the English word microcosm finally developed.

Microcosm in different scientific fields

Bela Bartok 'Microcosm'

The term microcosm is used in three different scientific field. and has a different focus depending on the subject. Biology: the totality of small organisms Philosophy: small human world as a scaled-down image of the universe Physics: microphysical area Spiritualität Medizin Hermetik

Biology

In biology, we can again distinguish two different areas of the microcosm Microbiology is the science and doctrine of microorganisms, i.e. living beings that cannot be recognized as individuals with the naked eye: archaea, bacteria, fungi, protozoa (ancient animals) and single- and few-cell algae Ecology in generally is the study of the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment. In the field of microcosm, the ecology is concerned with the smallest sections of an ecosystem that can be experimentally investigated as a self-contained unit under laboratory conditions.

Microbiology

For a long time, scientists thought that ‘nature’ was made up of only these visible things. Today, we know better. Two-thirds of life on earth is microorganisms. A microorganism, or microbe, is a creature that is too small to be seen with the naked eye. They’re so small, in fact, that a million bacteria – one of the smallest microbes – can fit on the tip of a pin. To make it visible, you need a microscope.

Begründer der Microbiology

Antoni von Leeuwenhoek

The Dutchman Antoni van Leeuwenhoek was the first person to discover microbes; in 1674 with a microscope he made himself. In a drop of water from the murky Berkelse meer (lake), he saw what he called ‘tiny animalcules’. Those turned out to be green algae and rotifers. A short time later (1676), he also discovered red blood cells and bacteria. Van Leeuwenhoek is universally acknowledged as the father of microbiology because he was the first to undisputedly discover/observe, describe, study, conduct scientific experiments with microscopic organisms (microbes). Van Leeuwenhoek is best known for his pioneering work in microscopy and for his contributions toward the establishment of microbiology as a scientific discipline.

Robert Koch und Pasteur Begründer der medizinischen Microbiologie

However, scientific microbiology did not develop until the 19th century scientific through the work of Louis Pasteur and in medical microbiology Robert Koch. In the second half of the 19th century, the chemist Louis Pasteur and the doctor Robert Koch discovered that diseases are caused by small organisms. But they conduct their research independently of one another and do not grant each other any success. It's not just about scientific fame: a few years after the Franco-Prussian War, the rivalry between the French Pasteur and the German Koch is also marked by nationalist thoughts of revenge. But the competition to discover pathogens changed modern medicine forever.

Louis Pasteur

It is reserved for the French chemistry professor Louis Pasteur to elucidate the nature of bacteria. During the examinations carried out on behalf of an alcohol manufacturer, he found the bacteria responsible for converting the alcohol in the vinegar. In 1857 Pasteur was appointed director of the natural science department at the Ecole Normale in Paris, where he could devote himself entirely to studying bacteria. He can prove that the bacteria are spread through the air and do not arise from spontaneous generation. He later developed a process for killing unwanted bacteria by heating, which is still known today as pasteurization. Eventually he found the causative agent of a silkworm disease that had almost ruined the silk industry in the south of France. He succeeds in transferring the pathogens from rabid dogs to rabbits, from which he then extracts the antibodies for a serum against this deadly disease. In 1885 he used this serum to cure a boy infected with rabies. Three years later Pasteur got his own research institute.

Bearbeiten

Im Rahmen seiner Studien zur Gärung entdeckte Pasteur, dass es Mikroorganismen gibt, die ohne Sauerstoff auskommen, und er fand das erste Beispiel für eine Stoffwechselregulation, als er beobachtete, dass Hefezellen unter Ausschluss von Sauerstoff Zucker schneller verbrauchen. Pasteur beschrieb verschiedene Formen der Gärung und erkannte, dass dies verschiedenartige Mikroorganismen voraussetzt. Eine praktische Konsequenz dieser Arbeiten war ein Verfahren zur Haltbarmachung flüssiger Lebensmittel, die Pasteurisierung. Im Auftrag der französischen Regierung erforschte Pasteur verschiedene Krankheiten der Seidenraupen und erkannte sie als Infektionskrankheiten. Ab 1876 widmete er sich vollständig human- und veterinärmedizinischen Fragen. Er entwickelte einen Impfstoff aus abgeschwächten Krankheitserregern zum Schutz vor Geflügelcholera und baute damit die Impfung – für die es in der Humanmedizin bis dahin nur das Beispiel der Pockenschutzimpfung gegeben hatte – überhaupt erst zu einem allgemeinen Prinzip aus. Weitere Impfstoffe gegen Milzbrand, Schweinerotlauf und Tollwut zeigten, dass man zumindest theoretisch fortan beliebigen Infektionskrankheiten vorbeugen konnte. Mit seinen Arbeiten zur Gärung und Impfung demonstrierte Pasteur das wirtschaftliche und medizinische Potenzial experimenteller Biologie. Die Produktion des Milzbrandimpfstoffs stand am Anfang der Impfstoff-Industrie. Eine Spendenwelle nach der ersten spektakulären Tollwut-Impfung des Jungen Joseph Meister im Jahr 1885 erlaubte die Gründung des außeruniversitären, unmittelbar der Staatsregierung unterstellten Institut Pasteur, bis heute die führende Wissenschaftsinstitution Frankreichs in der biomedizinischen Forschung

Robert Koch

When Pasteur had almost reached the peak of his career, the young doctor Robert Koch was settling in Germany as a district physician. During his research he succeeds in isolating anthrax pathogens from the blood of sheep. In 1880 Robert Koch was appointed head of the Imperial Health Department in Berlin. There he initially devotes himself to research into the hitherto apparently incurable tuberculosis. In 1882 Koch discovered the pathogen - so tuberculosis is an infectious disease. In 1883 he researched cholera in the Orient and India and was also able to identify its causative agent. In Africa he investigates the causes of the plague, sleeping sickness and malaria. However, his efforts to get a vaccine against tuberculosis have failed. In 1905 Robert Koch received the Nobel Prize for Medicine for his research into tuberculosis. Robert Koch dies on May 27, 1910.

Examples for microorganism

In the 3.5 billion years that they have inhabited the earth, microbes have evolved and adapted to nearly every type of environment. That’s why they can live in the most extreme places. Everywhere there is food, there is life. And microbes eat almost everything, including metals, acids, petroleum and natural gas. The number of, and the number of different species of, microorganisms are enormous, and new species are discovered every day.The micro-world may be invisible and mysterious, but it’s also indispensable. Microbes are essential in our world and in our bodies. Microalgae in the ocean produce half of all the oxygen in our atmosphere. Fungi and bacteria convert the organic material from dead animals into new raw materials. And intestinal bacteria help you digest your food. Without any of them, life on earth wouldn’t be possible.

Tardigrade

The transparent, colorless, also in yellow, brown and green appearing tiny creatures are amazingly adaptable to even the most adverse environmental conditions. Even extreme drought or cold cannot harm these survivors. The dehydration of their surroundings - damp leaves, plant remains and moss plants - they counteract when some species contract into a so-called barrel. In this state they defy a temperature of 96o C for months and even survive almost two years at temperatures of minus 2000 C. The metabolism is almost completely stopped in this "barrel state". The body only contains approx. 2% water.

Desulforudis audaxviator

was discovered in 1996 in a gold mine in South Africa 3,000 m underground. It feeds on the sulphate and hydrogen in the rock. This encourages astrobiologists - these are scientists who are looking for life in space - to find what they are looking for in deep regions of other planets, such as on Mars. Single-cell organisms are able to cope with unimaginably adverse environmental conditions. One speaks of so-called extremophile living beings.

Colwellia psychrerythraea

Colwellia psychrerythraea is considered an obligate psychrophile, Gram-negative bacteria, and appears rod-shaped and red in pigment. This flagella-containing organism can be found in continually cold marine environments including Arctic and Antarctic sea ice. Strain 34H, in particular, was isolated from Arctic marine sediments. It has a growth temperature range of -1°C to 10°C. Optimal growth appears at 8°C, with maximum cell yield occurring at the subzero temperature of -1°C. Cells are able to swim in temperatures as low as -10°C. Growth can occur under deep sea pressures as well.

Archae

The realm of the archaea was discovered about twenty years ago, and we can consider them to be the ancestors of earthly life. They live under conditions that are very close to the beginnings of life on earth. In the Dead Sea, in whose extremely salty water (on average 27%) no life was considered possible, an archaea species was found that has adapted to the conditions of such a low pH value. Other archaea species colonize especially alkaline soda lakes. It is believed that such soda lakes existed in the craters of Mars millions of years ago.

Radiodurans bacterium

Organisms that tolerate very high doses of ionizing radiation (see Deinococcus radiodurans), or are even able to convert melanin into energy with the help of the pigment (radiosynthesis) and use this for their growth. These are certain melanin-rich types of fungus that were noticeable in the destroyed Chernobyl nuclear reactor as a black coating on the reactor walls. The Deinococcus radiodurans bacterium even survives 2,000 times as much radioactive radiation as humans.

Verrucaria

The genus Verrucaria includes numerous, almost entirely rock-dwelling lichens. [1] [2] Most of the species are typical calcareous lichens and they contribute significantly to the biogenic weathering of the limestone.The way of life of organisms inside rocks is called endolithic. he means that they gain the energy they need for life from the conversion of inorganic compounds in the populated rock, such as sulfur, iron and manganese compounds, but in individual cases also minerals such as uranium, arsenic and others.

Ecology

Albrecht Dürer - Das große Rasenstück

Microcosms are mostly undisturbed soil bodies of a defined size, together with any litter or vegetation. From processes (e.g. mineralization and respiration [breathing]) that take place under controlled environmental conditions in such test units, conclusions can be drawn about corresponding processes in the landscape given a sufficient number of random samples. experimental approach, landscape ecology. Microcosms are artificial, simplified ecosystems that are used to simulate and predict the behaviour of natural ecosystems under controlled conditions. Open or closed microcosms provide an experimental area for ecologists to study natural ecological processes. Microcosm studies can be very useful to study the effects of disturbance or to determine the ecological role of key species. A Winogradsky column is an example of a microbial microcosm.

Philosophy

Merriam-Webster Dictionary defined microcosm as A little world; a miniature universe. Hence (so called by Paracelsus), a man, as a supposed epitome of the exterior universe or great world. Opposed to macrocosm. Microcosm, A relatively small object or system considered as representative of a larger system of which it is part, exhibiting many features of the complete system.

The idea of the human being as a microcosm is based on a creation-based, originally perfect spiritual-physical configuration of the human being, which fits harmoniously into the equally spiritual-physical macrocosm. Ancient myths tell of the fact that humans released themselves freely from a harmonious order of creation. The Bible speaks of a "fall into sin", man has lost paradise and is in need of salvation. He has lost his original cosmic consciousness. On the basis of his extraordinary intellectual and intuitive talent and an experience of Christ calling him, the natural scientist and seer Emanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772) came to a view of cosmic spheres of creation, which encompass both the natural world and the spiritual world beyond space-temporality.

Mikrokosmos was one of the most widely read philosophical works of the second half of the 19th century. ... century, which brought about the separation of the sciences from idealistic philosophy and the endeavor of a critically reflective philosophy to approach the empirical sciences. What, asks Lotze in the ninth and last book of his work, "what is and where is being?" Accordingly, it is the task of the philosopher to trace the incredibly diverse laws governing the connection of everything with everything and everyone. So the elaboration of the manifold and the mutual connection of all beings is the main concern of the author. The idea of the microcosm, wrote Nicolai Hartmann in a tribute to Leibniz, means “that all things are already represented in each and every one of them” - that is what Leibnizian Lotze is all about.

Teil der Welt als Ganzes (Makrokosmos). Den Begriffen Mikro- und Makrokosmos liegt die Vorstellung einer vollendeten Ordnung der Welt zugrunde, in der eine Analogiebeziehung zwischen der Welt als Ganzem und ihren einzelnen Teilen, insbesondere dem Mensch

Hermetische Theorie des Mikrokosmos

Physik

"When we understand the smallest things, it seems to lead us to understand even the greatest things: the structure of the universe is based on quantum fluctuations." Prof. Dr. Frank Wilczek. The Nobel Prize winner wants to strike this arc in his lecture "Quantum Theory and the Universe". In the everyday world, physicists speak of the macrocosm (gr.macro = large), quantum phenomena are never encountered. One can describe the macrocosm without worrying about the smallest parts. But if you want to understand what the world is actually made of, then you have to penetrate into the world of the smallest things (microcosm) and examine them. And in the microcosm, the rules of the quantum game apply.

Die Entdeckung der Quanten

1927 Solvay Conference on Quantum Mechanics

Max Planck

Max Planck had shown that energy and radiation only occur in the smallest, discrete units, the so-called quanta. This realization exploded the view of the world of physics at the time, as it was based on Newton's mechanics and Maxwell's theory of electricity. According to classical physics, all transitions should be continuous. For the founding of quantum theory, Planck finally received the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1918 on November 13, 1919 - "in recognition of the merit he had earned through his quantum theory for the development of physics," as the jury said.At first, the theory did not find much suppor. But only with more extensive interpretations by Albert Einstein and Bohr's model of the atom, which takes quantum theory into account, does the theory gain more and more supporters in subsequent years. A new scientific truth does not usually assert itself in such a way that its opponents are convinced and declare themselves informed, but rather by the fact that the opponents gradually die out and that the next generation is familiar with the truth from the outset."

Atomic Modell Bohr

The atomic model by the Danish physicist Niels Bohr, which he published in the “Philosophical Journal” in July 1913, is today considered to be one of the decisive steps from atomic physics to quantum mechanics. At the beginning of the 20th century it was already known that atoms contain electrons whose negative electrical charge is balanced by an equally large positive charge. For a while, the atomic model of the British Nobel Prize winner in physics, Joseph John Thomson, was considered plausible: Atoms are spherical structures that are uniformly positively charged and in which the negative electrons are evenly distributed.

Heißenbergsche Unschärferelation

When Heisenberg dealt with the world of quanta, he found that you can either determine the exact location of a particle or its speed, never both together. If you know one thing very precisely, then you only roughly know the other. Nor is it because you just have to take a closer look: it is a fundamental limit of knowledge.These are the so-called orbitals of the hydrogen atom. The lighter the color, the more likely it is to find an electron there. You can't say where it is exactly.

Schrodinger's cat

Imagine a cat locked in a dark box. Inside is a vial of poison gas. This vial is accidentally destroyed at some point and the cat dies. As long as you don't look, according to a certain interpretation of quantum mechanics, the cat is dead and alive at the same time. Only when you look into the box is the cat pushed into a certain state. Observation plays an important role in this.The aim is to make it clear that in the world of quanta several equal states can exist at the same time and side by side. And you want to show that observation and measurement have an influence on what is observed and measured.

for later use, maybe

Robert Koch	Quellen	Philosophie/Relegion
During the cholera epidemic in Hamburg in 1892, he implemented measures to combat the epidemic. He discovered the causative agent of anthrax and tuberculosis and improved the cultivation of bacterial cultures. His research makes a significant contribution to the containment of epidemics and the fight against centuries-old diseases. In 1905 Robert Koch was awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology for his services. Koch constantly tries to stay at the peak of technical development. He optimizes microscopy and takes the first photos of microorganisms.	Zitate Heisenbergs: "Der erste Trunk aus dem Becher der Naturwissenschaften macht atheistisch, aber auf dem Grund des Bechers wartet Gott." "Nur wenige wissen, wie viel man wissen muss, um zu wissen, wie wenig man weiß." Wenn du mehr wissen willst... Ein WIW-Artikel über Max Planck, den Vater der Quantentheorie Alle Artikel bei WIW, die sich mit Teilchenphysik befassen Hier findest du mehr Informationen zum Atomlaser Ein Online-Versuch zum Welle-Teilchen-Dualismus Hier findest du ein Programm, mit dem man ein berühmtes Experiment zum Welle-Teilchen-Dualismus am Computer durchführen kann Schau doch auch einmal in den WAS IST WAS-Band 79: Moderne Physik https://www.biomasse-nutzung.de/5-interessante-mikroorganismen-der-weisen-biotechnologie-und-industriellen-biomasse-nutzung/	In the message of the New Testament he sees the promise that man can regain his or her original wholeness and insertion into the cosmos on a divinely guided, individual inner path of development, called “spiritual rebirth”, according to the words of Jesus: "You must be born again ... of the Spirit." (John 3: 7-8)

Morgenthau Plan (editing)

"Henry the Morgue, one of two of a kind"

As Secretary of the Treasury, Morgenthau was initially not involved in the drafting of the plans for Germany. On a trip to Europe at the beginning of August, Harry Dexter White, his closest colleague, presented him the memorandum from the State Department. The foreign ministry's plans left Morgenthau with the fact that the main aim was to rebuild Germany economically to such an extent that after a few years they would be able to pay repairs. For him, it came down to the fact that after 10 years they would be ready to start World War III. After his return from Europe, Morgenthau informed the Secretary of State Cordell Hull that he would immediately take care of Germany's affairs with the following words: "I appreciate the fact that this isn't my responsibility, but I'm doing this as am American citizen, and I'm going to continue to do so, and I’m going to stick my nose into it until I know it is all right." He immediately informed the President of his observations and the dangers he saw in the existing memorandum drawn up by Hull. The President showed increased interest in what had been accomplished, but despite all of Morgenthau's hopes, Roosevelt initially did not officially invite him to take part in the drafting of the plans. He now tried to achieve his goal in another way. In a meeting with Stimson shortly thereafter, he suggested that a committee consisting of Stimson, Hull and himself should meet to work out a memorandum for the upcoming conference in Quebec. In his next attempt at the president, he once again made clear what irrevocable consequences it would have if the plan were implemented as it is. He also mostly showed excerpts that he knew would anger the President. The lecture did not miss its aim. Morgenthaus explanations prompted Roosevelt [...]

However, due to serious discrepancies, the committee was unable to draw up a joint memorandum. Morgenthau on one side is drafting plans for how Germany can be ruined industrially, the other part of the US government is already forging plans for how the country can be rebuilt after the Nazi rule. Above all, the American business elite, which was still closely intertwined with German companies during the war, is interested in getting back to business as soon as possible. Secretary of State Hull on the other hand [...]

The fact that Morgenthau was able to present his plans in Quebec despite the great resistance within the US government is precisely due to this state of health in Hull. Because, actually, Roosevelt asked Cordell Hull to accompany him to Quebec. But he was unable to do so for health reasons. It was only at the last minute, when the conference was on, that Roosevelt asked Morgenthau to follow him to Quebec. That he ultimately decided that way will also be due to this [...]

Here Roosevelt urged his most important ally, Winston Churchill, to sign a somewhat defused version of the paper. The British prime minister did not believe in the idea of ​​creating an industrial desert in the center of Europe, but he needed American concession on pressing issues of the day. Churchill therefore agreed to "examine the plan" but did not expect that it would be "practicable".

Secretary of War Stimson's environment leaks information to the press. The Washington Post calls the plan "a judgment that would mean death or famine for several million Germans".

Roosevelt, who wanted to be re-elected for the third time in November 1944, immediately rowed back after these clear public reactions; he distanced himself from the Quebec memorandum and thus from the ideas of his finance minister. The already seriously ill President said to Stimson: "Henry Morgenthau shot a buck."

Morgenthau was the only Cabinet member invited to participate in the Second Quebec Conference, during which the plan was agreed. [citation needed]

Roosevelt's motivations for agreeing to Morgenthau's proposal may be attributed to his desire to be on good terms with Joseph Stalin and to a personal conviction that Germany must be treated harshly. In an August 26, 1944 letter to Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands, Roosevelt wrote that "There are two schools of thought, those who would be altruistic in regard to the Germans, hoping by loving kindness to make them Christians again and those who would adopt a much 'tougher' attitude. Most decidedly I belong to the latter school, for though I am not bloodthirsty, I want the Germans to know that this time at least they have definitely lost the war."

Category:Physics Category:Biology Category:Philosophy Category:Hermeneutics Category:Ecology