User:Albahrani Batool/sandbox

I am going to edit an existing article which is Genotyping. I will add some methods, techniques, and function. first, I found that the definition has a citation that does not verify the content, so I am going to add new definition with the source.

Introduction

Genotyping describes analyses of an organisms DNA sequence, or genotype. Different types of organisms can be genotyped, such as huamans , virus, and bacteria . epidemiology or forensic microbiology can be used genotyping As a means to combat the disease by tracking the source. Genotyping methodologies have improved in recent years, for example, the development of high capacity microarrays contain approximately 1 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for SNP genotyping. The costs of genotyping have also decreased, helping to promote whole-genome association studies. in which several thousand polymorphisms are analyzed. Genotyping has provided many contributions to the field of genetics by determining new genes that are related to certain diseases... Additionally, genotyping is used in forensics and to establish parentage

SNP Genotyping Technique

There are many materials which could be used for DNA genotyping, such as saliva, blood and stool . After the DNA is extracted, it is amplified using, or polymerase chain reaction .Then the DNA is cut into small pieces using restriction nucleases .One way to analyze these DNA pieces is using Microarrays, a commonly used single-nucleotide-polymorphism(SNP) genotyping method, Microarrays are used to detect fluorescently labeled DNA SNPs by hybridizing to spots of DNA on a glass slide.

Genotypimg Methods

Current methods of genotyping include

Restriction fragment length polymorphism identification (RFLPI) of genomic DNA

is a technique that utilized as a part of homologous DNA sequence that can be identified by the nearness of pieces of various lengths after assimilation of the DNA tests being referred to with particular limitation endonucleases.Most RFLP markers are co-predominant (both alleles in heterozygous will be identified) RFLP is a molecular marker, which is particular to a solitary clone and enzyme group limitation .

Random amplified polymorphic detection (RAPD) of genomic DNA

The RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) are DNA pieces intensified by PCR utilizing short manufactured primers ( 10 bp) of arbitrary sequence. this investigation was created in 1990 by Williams, and furthermore named as AP-PCR (Arbitrary Primed PCR)

Amplified fragment length polymorphism detection (AFLPD)

AFLP®, initially created for plant studies, is presently utilized for a wide assortment of hereditary investigation applications.AFLP® is a system used to recognize polymorphisms in DNA when no data about the genome is known. Taking after limitation catalyst absorption of DNA, a subset of DNA pieces is chosen for PCR enhancement and perception. A one of a kind unique finger impression is created for a specific genome.

DNA sequencing

Sequencing DNA implies deciding the request of the four compound - called "bases" - that make up the DNA moleculs. The sequence tells researchers the sort of hereditary data that is conveyed in a specific DNA portion.

Allele specific oligonucleotide (ASO) probes

An ASO is an artificially combined oligonucleotide of characterized arrangement that has been adjusted with the goal that it can be effortlessly identified. For instance, a phosphate amass containing radioactive phosphorous can be added to the 5'end. Alterations that can be viewed as shading or chemiluminescence are likewise conceivable.

Hybridization to DNA microarrays or beads

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