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Hijra (South Asia)

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  • "They certainly castrate themselves, and then cease to wear man's garb; they don women's raiment and perform women's tasks."
— Lucian of Samosata, De Dea Syria 27, translation by Herbert Augustus Strong with notes by John Garstang (1913): pp. 65–66.
monographs
  • Ahmed, Mona and Dayanita Singh (photographer) (2001). Myself Mona Ahmed. Scalo Publishers. [popular]
  • Malloy, Ruth Lor (1997). [ Hijras: Who We Are] by Meena Balaji and other eunuchs as told to Ruth Lor Malloy. Think Asia. [popular]
  • Gannon, Shane Patrick. Translating the Hijra: the symbolic reconstruction of the British Empire in India. PhD Thesis. University of Alberta, 2009.
  • Jaffrey, Zia (1996). The Invisibles: a tale of the eunuchs of India. Pantheon Books. [history, academic]
  • Nanda, Serena (1990). Neither Man nor Woman: the hijras of India. Wadsworth Publishing.
  • Reddy, Gayatri (2005). With respect to sex: negotiating hijra identity in South India. Worlds of Desire: the Chicago series on sexuality, gender, and culture. University of Chicago Press. [academic]
  • Sharma, Satish Kumar (1989). Hijras: the labelled deviants. New Delhi: Gian Publishing House. [academic, index record only]
essays

Gender of God

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Coup de grâce

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  • "Goldberg's theory of patriarchy and male dominance is proven in that there has never yet been a society in which women normally held all the most senior posts or filled most high status non-maternal roles."
— Catherine Hakim, Key Issues in Women's Work: female diversity and the polarisation of women's employment, 2nd ed., Contemporary Issues in Public Policy, (Routledge Cavendish, 2004), p. 7. [Emphasis added.]

Sources

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Empirically, as is well known, the asymmetry in parental investment between mothers and fathers holds strongly across all human cultures (and, for that matter, among all mammals) (e.g., Rossi 1984). There have been many explanations of this asymmetry that do not give centre stage to evolved sex differences in biological dispositions (e.g., Chodorow 1978). At the same time, many social scientists (myself included) would grant that there seems to be something biological about the greater investments of mothers than fathers, and that standard evolutionary psychological accounts provide a plausible explanation of why this is so.

Evolutionary psychologists readily acknowledge that across all human societies, men control a vastly great share of economic, political, and cultural power than women; indeed, hypothesizing about the supposed origins of patriarchy is a lively topic in the field (Hrdy 1997; Miller 1998; Smuts 1995; see also Browne 2002; Goldberg 1973, 1993).

— Jeremy Freeze, "The Problem of Predictive Promiscuity in Deductive Applications of Evolutionary Reasoning to Intergenerational Caregiving", chapter 7 in Alan Booth and others (eds), Intergenerational Caregiving, (The Urban Insitute, 2008), p. 156.

"Catherine Wilson's contribution, for example, starts by granting to sociobiologists the claim that men and women have different psychologies connected to their different reproductive roles but then argues that we should not buy the conclusion, drawn by those like Steven Pinker, that because the social distribution of the most influential and lucrative positions to men rather than women tracks differences in men’s and women’s natural preferences, it is just." Review for Hypatia.
"He has written two books entitled, Why Men Rule—A Theory of Male Dominance (1993), and The Inevitability of Patriarchy: Why the Biological Difference Between Men and Women Always Produces Male Domination (1973). The titles speak for themselves."
Juliet Waters, "Review" for Montreal Mirror.
Verna Noel Jones, [ Review] for Rocky Mountain News, 21 March, 2008.

old stuff

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This user asserts his moral rights regarding past, present and future contributions to the Wikipedia project under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, from the legal jurisdiction of Australian law (Copyright Act 1968 – Sect 195AJ). The Wikimedia Foundation, as licensor of Alastair's contributions, acknowledges its obligations to uphold his moral rights, answerable to Australian law, as per Section 4(d) of the license.

Except as otherwise agreed in writing by the Licensor or as may be otherwise permitted by applicable law, if You Reproduce, Distribute or Publicly Perform the Work either by itself or as part of any Adaptations or Collections, You must not distort, mutilate, modify or take other derogatory action in relation to the Work which would be prejudicial to the Original Author's honor or reputation. Licensor agrees that in those jurisdictions (e.g. Japan), in which any exercise of the right granted in Section 3(b) of this License (the right to make Adaptations) would be deemed to be a distortion, mutilation, modification or other derogatory action prejudicial to the Original Author's honor and reputation, the Licensor will waive or not assert, as appropriate, this Section, to the fullest extent permitted by the applicable national law, to enable You to reasonably exercise Your right under Section 3(b) of this License (right to make Adaptations) but not otherwise. [Emphasis added.]

In ordinary language: Wikipedia is not virtual reality, especially when dealing with editors who guarantee their good faith by using their real life identities. So address content, not editors, assume good faith if editors must be addressed, and certainly no personal attacks: Wiki's policies are higher standards than any copyright law, as they must and ought to be. For nearly all real work in this project, editors' opinions are irrelevant: transcription of the opinions of reliable sources is all that matters, like 'em or not. The NPOV is inclusionist.


User:Alastair Haines/Kaldari
"in all mammals, including humans, female is the default condition."
"normal XX embryos proceed along a default path toward becoming female in body, brain, and behavior, whereas normal XY embryos masculinize themselves by producing androgens both prenatally and then again right after birth (the second surge), thereby proceeding along the path to becoming physiologically and behaviorally male."
— Dennis McFadden, "What Do Sex, Twins, Spotted Hyenas, ADHD, and Sexual Orientation Have in Common?", Perspectives on Psychological Science 3 (2008): 309–323.
"Naked mole-rats are small rodents native to Africa that exhibit the most extreme form of cooperative breeding in a mammal. They are, in fact, considered to be eusocial, a term originally used to describe social insects."
"The diversity of social organizations within the Bathyergids allows for the opportunity to test the association between sexual dimorphism and degree of sociality, as species range from eusocial to solitary."
"Our findings support a relationship between social structure, mating system, and sexual differentiation."
— Seney ML, Kelly DA, Goldman BD, Šumbera R, Forger NG (2009), "Social Structure Predicts Genital Morphology in African Mole-Rats", PLoS ONE 4(10): e7477. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007477

excursus

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[edit]
"Defamation is the publication of material, which is likely to injure the reputation of a person by making them the subject of hatred, ridicule or contempt. It also includes material that would lower the estimation of a person in the eyes of others or cause people to shun or avoid them.
Defamatory material may be published in things like reports, articles, letters, notes, pictures and oral utterances."
"In most [Austalian] states cases involving statements regarding criminal offences, contagious diseases, unchastity, adultery or unfitness for a profession there maybe no need to show economic loss suffered. In the state of NSW there is no need to show special damages." [Emphasis added.]
"The court will award costs in favor of the winning party, which means that the majority of the winning party's fees are the responsibility of the losing party."
Source: Gerard Malouf Partners (GMP)
Schedule 6 to Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 (NSW)
Originating process may be served outside Australia in relation to the following circumstances:
(d) if the proceedings are founded on a tort committed in New South Wales,
(e) if the proceedings, wholly or partly, are founded on, or are for the recovery of damages in respect of, damage suffered in New South Wales caused by a tortious act or omission wherever occurring
See also Justin Hogan-Doran, "Enforcing Australian judgments in the United States (and vice versa): how the long arm of Australian courts reaches across the Pacific", Australian Law Journal 80/6 (2006): 361-386.
Justin Hogan-Doran was a serving member of Australian Army Special Forces (Commandos) and is currently a part-time legal officer in the Australian Army Legal Corps, posted to the Australian Defence Force Military Law Centre at Randwick Barracks.
Referral from Law Society of NSW

Stuff

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Typological Studies in Language
"As is now almost universally accepted by informed Indological scholarship, a re-examination of early Buddhist historical material, ..., necessitates a redating of the Buddha's death to between 411 and 400 BCE."
Paul Dundas, The Jains, 2nd edition, (Routledge, 2001), p. 24.


Template:Generic tag

Some amazing invective:
"Protectionist and retrograde, the argument was a godsend for a trick of the bazaar that needed strength of numbers. False opposition between women's abilities and concepts of excellence opened the floodgates to self-assertive levels of amateurism. These now carry the imprimatur of a one of the city's major museums."
"Exaggerated grievances and fantasied matriarchal utopias were titillating for a privileged generation of Western women free to play at trouncing the male gaze. But that was in another century. Now, the jihadist gaze surveys us all. Expect the Sackler Center, with the 1970s on perpetual wake, to keep aiming at red herrings."
— Maureen Mularky, "An Unsatisfying Dinner", The New York Sun, March 22, 2007.

Test

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Richard Lederer Thora van Male Keith Hall Madeleine McDonald Edmund Conti David Galef Ed Rosenberg Fred R. Shapiro A. H. Block Barry Baldwin Mat Coward Nick Humez Ron Kaplan Sarah Bunting Schleifer Douglas G. Wilson Richard Lederer Robert M. Rennick Simon Darragh Susan Elkin Craig Conley Mark Peters Greg Eskenazi Edmund Conti Barry Baldwin Mat Coward Nick Humez Jessy Randall Tony Percy J. J. Davis Nicholas Meyer David R. Galef David Isaacson Florence Ginzbursky Martin Gani Larry Tritten Clare Passingham Edmund Conti Jim Veihdeffer Annette Basalyga

Hmmm...

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"Another example, also coming from Russell, shows how impredicative properties can potentially lead to problems reminiscent of the liar paradox. Suppose that we suggest the definition
A typical Englishman is one who possesses all the properties possessed by a majority of Englishmen.
It is clear that most Englishmen do not possess all the properties that most Englishmen possess. Therefore, a typical Englishman, according to this definition, should be untypical. The problem, according to Russell, is that the word "typical" has been defined by a reference to all properties and has been treated as itself a property."
— Thierry Coquand (2006). "Type theory". In Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
What happens if we change the example?
A typical man is one who possesses all the properties possessed by a majority of men.
A typical woman is one who possesses all the properties possessed by a majority of women.
Indeed, it is true that such definitions are uncompelling, as regularly pointed out in some kinds of abstract theorising about gender. (Philosophically speaking, they are effectively category errors). But this is a "paper tiger" of a definition, not an accurate presentation of either common sense, nor of scientific study of sexual dimorphism in Homo sapiens.
Russell's original discussion takes William Pitt as an example, and comes from a series of talks titled "An inquiry into meaning and truth" (presented at Harvard University as the 1940 William James lectures, published in December that year by George Allen & Unwin in London). He also discusses the same example in My Philosophical Development (1959).
"Our results suggest that the problem of sexual dimorphism of the corpus callosum is very complex, because the identical variables (section surface area or its perimeter) do not exhibit the same behavior in males and in females, implicating that these variables even cannot be simply compared between the sexes."
— G. Spasojević, Z. Stojanović, D. Suscević and S. Malobabić, "Sexual dimorphism of the human corpus callosum—digital morphometric study", Vojnosanitetski pregled 63/11 (2006): 933–938. (in Serbian) [official translation of abstract, ISSN: 0042-8450]
  • Mitchell, Brian P. (1998). Women in the military: flirting with disaster. Regnery Publishing. ISBN 0895263769
  • Stevens, Alan M. and A. Ed Schmidgall Tellings (2004). A comprehensive Indonesian-English dictionary. Ohio University Press. ISBN 0821415840

Invariance principle (of metaphor)

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Testing buffer
  • Lakoff and Turner: "conventional mental images are structured by image-schemas and that image-metaphors preserve image-schematic structure, mapping parts onto parts and wholes onto wholes, containers onto containers, paths onto paths, and so on. The generalization would be that all metaphors are invariant with respect to their cognitive topology, that is, each metaphorical mapping preserves image-schema structure."
  • "In view of the worship of Aravan by eunuchs in the Kuttantavar cult, exclusion of the penis encourages some restraint in defining all of this as 'castration imagery,' although such an interpretation is eventually unavoidable." Draupadi: 327


"Our results suggest that the problem of sexual dimorphism of the corpus callosum is very complex, because the identical variables (section surface area or its perimeter) do not exhibit the same behavior in males and in females, implicating that these variables even cannot be simply compared between the sexes."
— G. Spasojević, Z. Stojanović, D. Suscević and S. Malobabić, "Sexual dimorphism of the human corpus callosum—digital morphometric study", Vojnosanitetski pregled 63/11 (2006): 933–938. (in Serbian) [official translation of abstract, ISSN: 0042-8450]

Non-montonic anaphora hypothesis

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The non-monotonic anaphora hypothesis (NAH)

"Linkhood (marked by L+H* accent in English) serves to signal non-monotonic anaphora. If an expression is a link, then its discourse referent Y is anaphoric to an antecedent discourse referent X such that X > Y."
  • Levan Khavtasi, "[ Extending Focus Theories]: Particles in Focus", 2000.
  • Herman Hendriks, "Grammar and Interpretation of Information Structure", 1999.
Jackendorff's structured meaning semantics

Too good to be true?

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Ravi Zacharias quotes Henry Parry Liddon's free translation (in Bampton Lectures 1866, p. 147–48) of a probably apocryphal conversation, claimed to have been conducted between Generals Bonaparte, Bertrand and Montholon at St Helena. Liddon's sources appear to be parts of the alleged conversation published in Christoph Ernst Luthardt, Apologetische Vorträge, pp. 234, 293 and M. le Pasteur Bersier, Sermons, p. 334. The conversation was also later published in X and Y. However, Generals Bertrand and Montholon both denied the alleged conversation took place, Bertrand in his preface to Title and Montholon in a letter to Beauterne. "J'ai lu avec un vif intérêt votre brochure: Sentiment de Napoléon sur la Divinité de Jésus-Christ, et je ne pense pas qu'il soit possible de mieux exprimer les croyances religieuses de l'empereur." Monsieur de Montholon, Ham, 30 May 1841.

However, Balzac gives us, from the printed words of Napoleon, "The greatest republican is Jesus Christ." Republican, here, must be understood in the sense of the French revolutionary usage.[1]

  • Also "Everything in this world proclaims the existence of God." Maxims de Napole/on. (early in text, Fr orig prob online)

Napoleonic campaigns

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"I would rather fight an alliance than be part of one." Napoléon {original source?}
Likewise Tipu Sultan v Arthur Wellesley in Mysore, "Wellesley neutralized the nizam by getting him to sign a subsidiary alliance that compelled the nizam to replace his French detachments and the French officers commanding native troops with British equivalents, and which forbade the nizam from corresponding with the peshwa without British consent. Although the Marathas, torn by rivalries and factional infighting, were no threat to his designs against Tipu, Wellesley ensured their neutrality by promising them a share in the spoils of war. Only then did Wellesley turn to Tipu and demand his submission, knowing full well that Tipu would rather fight than submit." Ranbir Vohra, The Making of India: A Historical Survey, 2nd ed., (ME Sharpe, 2000), p. 57.

House of Savoy

First Italian campaign (1796)

Evidence

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  • "It is the publication, not the composition of a libel, which is the actionable wrong." Lee v Wilson & Mackinnon [1934] HCA 60; (1934) 51 CLR 276 at 287 per Dixon J.
  • 54. "... the spectre ... of a publisher forced to consider every article it publishes on the World Wide Web against the defamation laws of every country from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe is seen to be unreal when it is recalled that in all except the most unusual of cases, identifying the person about whom material is to be published will readily identify the defamation law to which that person may resort."
  • Regarding dismissal of Dow Jones' appeal. "The appeal concerns issues that commonly arise where a non-resident foreign party seeks a stay, or the setting aside, of process that brings it involuntarily before an Australian court." cf. John Pfeiffer Pty Ltd v Rogerson [2000] HCA 36; (2000) 203 CLR 503 at 562

Etymology

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The name "Irian" was suggested by an indiginous Papuan, Frans Kaisiepo, at the Malino Conference (17–25 July 1946, which ended in the Malino Declaration). It is a Biak language word, attested in the poetic prose of Kumeseri, one of the nl:Manarmakeri stories. Kumeseri (the Morning Star) gives Manarmakeri (an ordinary villager) the gift of bringing peace. He leaves the island of Irian to gather support for his Messianic return. As originally conceived, the name "Irian" was intended to evoke association with a local legend of peace being brought to the island with the aid of friends from across the sea. It was not anti-Dutch, but it was pro-Indonesian.

Award

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August Fellow of the Caspar René Gregory Society
Preamble: The CRG Society is a voluntary association of Wikipedians who work to provide free access to comprehensive, systematic, reliable and neutral documentation of the history of transmission of the New Testament text.

Citation: User:Leszek Jańczuk has provided numerous, detailed and reliable articles over a sustained period, and in a number of different languages. Moreover, this has been foundational work—demonstrating to the broader Wikipedia community not only the breadth, but the depth, of the primary and secondary source material available to this academic discipline. On behalf not only of other contributors in de:NT textual criticism articles, but Wikipedians in general (and not just English language Wikipedians), we note our appreciation, and offer encouragement for continued labours by identifying Leszek Jańczuk as the first August Member of the CRG Society. Alastair Haines (talk) 04:24, 3 January 2009 (UTC)

Supercessionism

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Supersessionism and replacement theology are modern terms for a particular understanding of part of the New Testament. A supersessionist understanding sees God's relationship with Christians as replacing his prior relationship with Jews. It is the belief that God's relationship with the Jewish people has thus been terminated that is the contentious element of supersessionism. Although the terminology is modern, the related ideas are as old as the New Testament documents, and the earliest commentators on those documents.

It is important to note that the term supersessionism seems to arise more frequently in modern discourse in contexts critical of perceived Christian beliefs, rather than out of Christian attempts to articulate their own understanding of the New Testament. A more typical Christian attempt to describe the New Testament teaching in this area is gentile inclusion, without consideration of Jewish exclusion (which is simply not an issue for most Christians). Although modern Christians (nearly all of whom are gentiles) naturally believe in gentile inclusion, they are divided in their understanding of whether the New Testament teaches Jewish exclusion.

  • Interesting quote:

"To state categorically that there can be no biological component would seem to be foolish. We do not know yet how male hormones (acting indeed before birth and the possibility of different socialization) may affect the male psyche. But that there might be a biological component does not lead me to conclude that men then should do what is 'natural' to them, for there must be complementarity between the sexes. It makes me think that humanity is faced with a deeper problem than we knew." Margaret Daphne Hampson, Theology and Feminism, (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1990), p. x.

"No woman should be authorized to stay at home and raise her children. ... Women should not have that choice, precisely because if there is such a choice, too many women will make that one." Simone de Beauvoir, 'Sex, Society, and the Female Dilemma', Saturday Review June 14, 1975.

Genesis

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vayyibra elohim et ha'adam b'tsalmo b'tselem elohim bara oto zakar un'qebah bara otam
and he created God [obj] the man in image his in image of God he created him male and female he created them

|א|ב|ג|ד|ה|ו|ז|ח|ט|י|כ|ך|ל|מ|נ|ס|ע|פ|צ|ץ|ק|ר|ש|ת

ויברך אתם אלהים ויאמר להם אלהים פרו ורבו ומלאו את הארץ
Et-hakol 'asah yapheh b'ito את הכל עשה יפה בעתו
[obj] The whole he made beautiful in its time
B'tselem lahem Elohim גם את העלם נתנ תם
And he said to them God,
p'ru ur'bu umilu et ha'arets פרו ורבו ומלאו את הארץ
Be [[[ye]]] fruitful! And increase! And fill [obj] the Earth!

Ashok Kamte * Sandeep Unnikrishnan * Vijay Salaskar * Hemant Karkare

General articles Ten commandments
1 Corinthians (WikiSource Bible translation project), 1. Selection and Maintenance of the Aim
User:Alastair Haines/Bibliography, 2. Surprise
Donkey pronoun, 3. Offensive Action
Quantificational variability effect, 4. Concentration of Force
Distribution (logic and linguistics), 5. Economy of Effort
Indeterminacy (linguistics), 6. Mobility
Mutual support 7. Flexibility
Maintaining a reserve 8. Co-operation
Reinforcing success 9. Administration
Dunya, and 10. Maintenance of Morale
my dissertation!

devanagari

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"The Sanskrit language, whatever be its antiquity, is of a wonderful structure; more perfect than the Greek, more copious than the Latin, and more refined than either, yet bearing to both of them a stronger affinity, both in the roots of verbs and in the forms of grammar, than could possibly have been produced by accident." — William Jones, "The third anniversary discourse", Asiatick Society of Bengal, 2 February, 1786. Transcript, chapter 25 in Asiatick Researches (Calcutta, 1788; London, 1801), p. 422.

vowels

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Independent form Romanized As diacritic with प Independent form Romanized As diacritic with प
kaṇṭhya
(Guttural) 		अ a प आ ā पा
tālavya
(Palatal) 		इ i पि ई ī पी
oṣṭhya
(Labial) 		उ u पु ऊ ū पू
mūrdhanya
(Cerebral) 		ऋ ṛ पृ ॠ ṝ पॄ
dantya
(Dental) 		ऌ ḷ पॢ ॡ ḹ पॣ
kaṇṭhatālavya
(Palato-Guttural) 		ए e पे ऐ ai पै
kaṇṭhoṣṭhya
(Labio-Guttural) 		ओ o पो औ au पौ

consonants

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sparśa
(Stop) 		anunāsika
(Nasal) 		antastha
(Approximant) 		ūṣma/saṃghashrī
(Fricative)
Voicing → aghoṣa ghoṣa aghoṣa ghoṣa
Aspiration → alpaprāṇa mahāprāṇa alpaprāṇa mahāprāṇa alpaprāṇa mahāprāṇa
kaṇṭhya
(Guttural) 		क ka
/k/ 		ख kha
/kʰ/ 		ग ga
/g/ 		घ gha
/gʱ/ 		ङ ṅa
/ŋ/ 		ह ha
/h,ɦ/
tālavya
(Palatal) 		च ca
/c,ʧ/ 		छ cha
/cʰ,ʧʰ/ 		ज ja
/ɟ,ʤ/ 		झ jha
/ɟʱ,ʤʱ/ 		ञ ña
/ɲ/ 		य ya
/j/ 		श śa
/ɕ,ʃ/
mūrdhanya
(Cerebral) 		ट ṭa
/ʈ/ 		ठ ṭha
/ʈʰ/ 		ड ḍa
/ɖ/ 		ढ ḍha
/ɖʱ/ 		ण ṇa
/ɳ/ 		र ra
/r/ 		ष ṣa
/ʂ/
dantya
(Dental) 		त ta
/t̪/ 		थ tha
/t̪ʰ/ 		द da
/d̪/ 		ध dha
/d̪ʱ/ 		न na
/n/ 		ल la
/l/ 		स sa
/s/
oṣṭhya
(Labial) 		प pa
/p/ 		फ pha
/pʰ/ 		ब ba
/b/ 		भ bha
/bʱ/ 		म ma
/m/ 		व va
/ʋ/

biconsonantal ligatures

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क ख ग घ ङ च छ ज झ ञ ट ठ ड ढ ण त थ द ध न प फ ब भ म य र ल व श ष स ह ळ क्ष ज्ञ
क क्क क्ख क्ग क्घ क्ङ क्च क्छ क्ज क्झ क्ञ क्ट क्ठ क्ड क्ढ क्ण क्त क्थ क्द क्ध क्न क्प क्फ क्ब क्भ क्म क्य क्र क्ल क्व क्श क्ष क्स क्ह क्ळ क्क्ष क्ज्ञ
ख ख्क ख्ख ख्ग ख्घ ख्ङ ख्च ख्छ ख्ज ख्झ ख्ञ ख्ट ख्ठ ख्ड ख्ढ ख्ण ख्त ख्थ ख्द ख्ध ख्न ख्प ख्फ ख्ब ख्भ ख्म ख्य ख्र ख्ल ख्व ख्श ख्ष ख्स ख्ह ख्ळ ख्क्ष ख्ज्ञ
ग ग्क ग्ख ग्ग ग्घ ग्ङ ग्च ग्छ ग्ज ग्झ ग्ञ ग्ट ग्ठ ग्ड ग्ढ ग्ण ग्त ग्थ ग्द ग्ध ग्न ग्प ग्फ ग्ब ग्भ ग्म ग्य ग्र ग्ल ग्व ग्श ग्ष ग्स ग्ह ग्ळ ग्क्ष ग्ज्ञ
घ घ्क घ्ख घ्ग घ्घ घ्ङ घ्च घ्छ घ्ज घ्झ घ्ञ घ्ट घ्ठ घ्ड घ्ढ घ्ण घ्त घ्थ घ्द घ्ध घ्न घ्प घ्फ घ्ब घ्भ घ्म घ्य घ्र घ्ल घ्व घ्श घ्ष घ्स घ्ह घ्ळ घ्क्ष घ्ज्ञ
ङ ङ्क ङ्ख ङ्ग ङ्घ ङ्ङ ङ्च ङ्छ ङ्ज ङ्झ ङ्ञ ङ्ट ङ्ठ ङ्ड ङ्ढ ङ्ण ङ्त ङ्थ ङ्द ङ्ध ङ्न ङ्प ङ्फ ङ्ब ङ्भ ङ्म ङ्य ङ्र ङ्ल ङ्व ङ्श ङ्ष ङ्स ङ्ह ङ्ळ ङ्क्ष ङ्ज्ञ
च च्क च्ख च्ग च्घ च्ङ च्च च्छ च्ज च्झ च्ञ च्ट च्ठ च्ड च्ढ च्ण च्त च्थ च्द च्ध च्न च्प च्फ च्ब च्भ च्म च्य च्र च्ल च्व च्श च्ष च्स च्ह च्ळ च्क्ष च्ज्ञ
छ छ्क छ्ख छ्ग छ्घ छ्ङ छ्च छ्छ छ्ज छ्झ छ्ञ छ्ट छ्ठ छ्ड छ्ढ छ्ण छ्त छ्थ छ्द छ्ध छ्न छ्प छ्फ छ्ब छ्भ छ्म छ्य छ्र छ्ल छ्व छ्श छ्ष छ्स छ्ह छ्ळ छ्क्ष छ्ज्ञ
ज ज्क ज्ख ज्ग ज्घ ज्ङ ज्च ज्छ ज्ज ज्झ ज्ञ ज्ट ज्ठ ज्ड ज्ढ ज्ण ज्त ज्थ ज्द ज्ध ज्न ज्प ज्फ ज्ब ज्भ ज्म ज्य ज्र ज्ल ज्व ज्श ज्ष ज्स ज्ह ज्ळ ज्क्ष ज्ज्ञ
झ झ्क झ्ख झ्ग झ्घ झ्ङ झ्च झ्छ झ्ज झ्झ झ्ञ झ्ट झ्ठ झ्ड झ्ढ झ्ण झ्त झ्थ झ्द झ्ध झ्न झ्प झ्फ झ्ब झ्भ झ्म झ्य झ्र झ्ल झ्व झ्श झ्ष झ्स झ्ह झ्ळ झ्क्ष झ्ज्ञ
ञ ञ्क ञ्ख ञ्ग ञ्घ ञ्ङ ञ्च ञ्छ ञ्ज ञ्झ ञ्ञ ञ्ट ञ्ठ ञ्ड ञ्ढ ञ्ण ञ्त ञ्थ ञ्द ञ्ध ञ्न ञ्प ञ्फ ञ्ब ञ्भ ञ्म ञ्य ञ्र ञ्ल ञ्व ञ्श ञ्ष ञ्स ञ्ह ञ्ळ ञ्क्ष ञ्ज्ञ
ट ट्क ट्ख ट्ग ट्घ ट्ङ ट्च ट्छ ट्ज ट्झ ट्ञ ट्ट ट्ठ ट्ड ट्ढ ट्ण ट्त ट्थ ट्द ट्ध ट्न ट्प ट्फ ट्ब ट्भ ट्म ट्य ट्र ट्ल ट्व ट्श ट्ष ट्स ट्ह ट्ळ ट्क्ष ट्ज्ञ
ठ ठ्क ठ्ख ठ्ग ठ्घ ठ्ङ ठ्च ठ्छ ठ्ज ठ्झ ठ्ञ ठ्ट ठ्ठ ठ्ड ठ्ढ ठ्ण ठ्त ठ्थ ठ्द ठ्ध ठ्न ठ्प ठ्फ ठ्ब ठ्भ ठ्म ठ्य ठ्र ठ्ल ठ्व ठ्श ठ्ष ठ्स ठ्ह ठ्ळ ठ्क्ष ठ्ज्ञ
ड ड्क ड्ख ड्ग ड्घ ड्ङ ड्च ड्छ ड्ज ड्झ ड्ञ ड्ट ड्ठ ड्ड ड्ढ ड्ण ड्त ड्थ ड्द ड्ध ड्न ड्प ड्फ ड्ब ड्भ ड्म ड्य ड्र ड्ल ड्व ड्श ड्ष ड्स ड्ह ड्ळ ड्क्ष ड्ज्ञ
ढ ढ्क ढ्ख ढ्ग ढ्घ ढ्ङ ढ्च ढ्छ ढ्ज ढ्झ ढ्ञ ढ्ट ढ्ठ ढ्ड ढ्ढ ढ्ण ढ्त ढ्थ ढ्द ढ्ध ढ्न ढ्प ढ्फ ढ्ब ढ्भ ढ्म ढ्य ढ्र ढ्ल ढ्व ढ्श ढ्ष ढ्स ढ्ह ढ्ळ ढ्क्ष ढ्ज्ञ
ण ण्क ण्ख ण्ग ण्घ ण्ङ ण्च ण्छ ण्ज ण्झ ण्ञ ण्ट ण्ठ ण्ड ण्ढ ण्ण ण्त ण्थ ण्द ण्ध ण्न ण्प ण्फ ण्ब ण्भ ण्म ण्य ण्र ण्ल ण्व ण्श ण्ष ण्स ण्ह ण्ळ ण्क्ष ण्ज्ञ
त त्क त्ख त्ग त्घ त्ङ त्च त्छ त्ज त्झ त्ञ त्ट त्ठ त्ड त्ढ त्ण त्त त्थ त्द त्ध त्न त्प त्फ त्ब त्भ त्म त्य त्र त्ल त्व त्श त्ष त्स त्ह त्ळ त्क्ष त्ज्ञ
थ थ्क थ्ख थ्ग थ्घ थ्ङ थ्च थ्छ थ्ज थ्झ थ्ञ थ्ट थ्ठ थ्ड थ्ढ थ्ण थ्त थ्थ थ्द थ्ध थ्न थ्प थ्फ थ्ब थ्भ थ्म थ्य थ्र थ्ल थ्व थ्श थ्ष थ्स थ्ह थ्ळ थ्क्ष थ्ज्ञ
द द्क द्ख द्ग द्घ द्ङ द्च द्छ द्ज द्झ द्ञ द्ट द्ठ द्ड द्ढ द्ण द्त द्थ द्द द्ध द्न द्प द्फ द्ब द्भ द्म द्य द्र द्ल द्व द्श द्ष द्स द्ह द्ळ द्क्ष द्ज्ञ
ध ध्क ध्ख ध्ग ध्घ ध्ङ ध्च ध्छ ध्ज ध्झ ध्ञ ध्ट ध्ठ ध्ड ध्ढ ध्ण ध्त ध्थ ध्द ध्ध ध्न ध्प ध्फ ध्ब ध्भ ध्म ध्य ध्र ध्ल ध्व ध्श ध्ष ध्स ध्ह ध्ळ ध्क्ष ध्ज्ञ
न न्क न्ख न्ग न्घ न्ङ न्च न्छ न्ज न्झ न्ञ न्ट न्ठ न्ड न्ढ न्ण न्त न्थ न्द न्ध न्न न्प न्फ न्ब न्भ न्म न्य न्र न्ल न्व न्श न्ष न्स न्ह न्ळ न्क्ष न्ज्ञ
प प्क प्ख प्ग प्घ प्ङ प्च प्छ प्ज प्झ प्ञ प्ट प्ठ प्ड प्ढ प्ण प्त प्थ प्द प्ध प्न प्प प्फ प्ब प्भ प्म प्य प्र प्ल प्व प्श प्ष प्स प्ह प्ळ प्क्ष प्ज्ञ
फ फ्क फ्ख फ्ग फ्घ फ्ङ फ्च फ्छ फ्ज फ्झ फ्ञ फ्ट फ्ठ फ्ड फ्ढ फ्ण फ्त फ्थ फ्द फ्ध फ्न फ्प फ्फ फ्ब फ्भ फ्म फ्य फ्र फ्ल फ्व फ्श फ्ष फ्स फ्ह फ्ळ फ्क्ष फ्ज्ञ
ब ब्क ब्ख ब्ग ब्घ ब्ङ ब्च ब्छ ब्ज ब्झ ब्ञ ब्ट ब्ठ ब्ड ब्ढ ब्ण ब्त ब्थ ब्द ब्ध ब्न ब्प ब्फ ब्ब ब्भ ब्म ब्य ब्र ब्ल ब्व ब्श ब्ष ब्स ब्ह ब्ळ ब्क्ष ब्ज्ञ
भ भ्क भ्ख भ्ग भ्घ भ्ङ भ्च भ्छ भ्ज भ्झ भ्ञ भ्ट भ्ठ भ्ड भ्ढ भ्ण भ्त भ्थ भ्द भ्ध भ्न भ्प भ्फ भ्ब भ्भ भ्म भ्य भ्र भ्ल भ्व भ्श भ्ष भ्स भ्ह भ्ळ भ्क्ष भ्ज्ञ
म म्क म्ख म्ग म्घ म्ङ म्च म्छ म्ज म्झ म्ञ म्ट म्ठ म्ड म्ढ म्ण म्त म्थ म्द म्ध म्न म्प म्फ म्ब म्भ म्म म्य म्र म्ल म्व म्श म्ष म्स म्ह म्ळ म्क्ष म्ज्ञ
य य्क य्ख य्ग य्घ य्ङ य्च य्छ य्ज य्झ य्ञ य्ट य्ठ य्ड य्ढ य्ण य्त य्थ य्द य्ध य्न य्प य्फ य्ब य्भ य्म य्य य्र य्ल य्व य्श य्ष य्स य्ह य्ळ य्क्ष य्ज्ञ
र र्क र्ख र्ग र्घ र्ङ र्च र्छ र्ज र्झ र्ञ र्ट र्ठ र्ड र्ढ र्ण र्त र्थ र्द र्ध र्न र्प र्फ र्ब र्भ र्म र्य र्र र्ल र्व र्श र्ष र्स र्ह र्ळ र्क्ष र्ज्ञ
ल ल्क ल्ख ल्ग ल्घ ल्ङ ल्च ल्छ ल्ज ल्झ ल्ञ ल्ट ल्ठ ल्ड ल्ढ ल्ण ल्त ल्थ ल्द ल्ध ल्न ल्प ल्फ ल्ब ल्भ ल्म ल्य ल्र ल्ल ल्व ल्श ल्ष ल्स ल्ह ल्ळ ल्क्ष ल्ज्ञ
व व्क व्ख व्ग व्घ व्ङ व्च व्छ व्ज व्झ व्ञ व्ट व्ठ व्ड व्ढ व्ण व्त व्थ व्द व्ध व्न व्प व्फ व्ब व्भ व्म व्य व्र व्ल व्व व्श व्ष व्स व्ह व्ळ व्क्ष व्ज्ञ
श श्क श्ख श्ग श्घ श्ङ श्च श्छ श्ज श्झ श्ञ श्ट श्ठ श्ड श्ढ श्ण श्त श्थ श्द श्ध श्न श्प श्फ श्ब श्भ श्म श्य श्र श्ल श्व श्श श्ष श्स श्ह श्ळ श्क्ष श्ज्ञ
ष ष्क ष्ख ष्ग ष्घ ष्ङ ष्च ष्छ ष्ज ष्झ ष्ञ ष्ट ष्ठ ष्ड ष्ढ ष्ण ष्त ष्थ ष्द ष्ध ष्न ष्प ष्फ ष्ब ष्भ ष्म ष्य ष्र ष्ल ष्व ष्श ष्ष ष्स ष्ह ष्ळ ष्क्ष ष्ज्ञ
स स्क स्ख स्ग स्घ स्ङ स्च स्छ स्ज स्झ स्ञ स्ट स्ठ स्ड स्ढ स्ण स्त स्थ स्द स्ध स्न स्प स्फ स्ब स्भ स्म स्य स्र स्ल स्व स्श स्ष स्स स्ह स्ळ स्क्ष स्ज्ञ
ह ह्क ह्ख ह्ग ह्घ ह्ङ ह्च ह्छ ह्ज ह्झ ह्ञ ह्ट ह्ठ ह्ड ह्ढ ह्ण ह्त ह्थ ह्द ह्ध ह्न ह्प ह्फ ह्ब ह्भ ह्म ह्य ह्र ह्ल ह्व ह्श ह्ष ह्स ह्ह ह्ळ ह्क्ष ह्ज्ञ
ळ ळ्क ळ्ख ळ्ग ळ्घ ळ्ङ ळ्च ळ्छ ळ्ज ळ्झ ळ्ञ ळ्ट ळ्ठ ळ्ड ळ्ढ ळ्ण ळ्त ळ्थ ळ्द ळ्ध ळ्न ळ्प ळ्फ ळ्ब ळ्भ ळ्म ळ्य ळ्र ळ्ल ळ्व ळ्श ळ्ष ळ्स ळ्ह ळ्ळ ळ्क्ष ळ्ज्ञ
क्ष क्ष्क क्ष्ख क्ष्ग क्ष्घ क्ष्ङ क्ष्च क्ष्छ क्ष्ज क्ष्झ क्ष्ञ क्ष्ट क्ष्ठ क्ष्ड क्ष्ढ क्ष्ण क्ष्त क्ष्थ क्ष्द क्ष्ध क्ष्न क्ष्प क्ष्फ क्ष्ब क्ष्भ क्ष्म क्ष्य क्ष्र क्ष्ल क्ष्व क्ष्श क्ष्ष क्ष्स क्ष्ह क्ष्ळ क्ष्क्ष क्ष्ज्ञ
ज्ञ ज्ञ्क ज्ञ्ख ज्ञ्ग ज्ञ्घ ज्ञ्ङ ज्ञ्च ज्ञ्छ ज्ञ्ज ज्ञ्झ ज्ञ्ञ ज्ञ्ट ज्ञ्ठ ज्ञ्ड ज्ञ्ढ ज्ञ्ण ज्ञ्त ज्ञ्थ ज्ञ्द ज्ञ्ध ज्ञ्न ज्ञ्प ज्ञ्फ ज्ञ्ब ज्ञ्भ ज्ञ्म ज्ञ्य ज्ञ्र ज्ञ्ल ज्ञ्व ज्ञ्श ज्ञ्ष ज्ञ्स ज्ञ्ह ज्ञ्ळ ज्ञ्क्ष ज्ञ्ज्ञ
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