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There is limited information about tomatillo production[1] even though tomatillo is distributed and grown worldwide as home-grown garden plant. Tomatillo is mainly cultivated on outdoor fields in Mexico and Guatemala on a large scale. Smaller crops are planted in many parts of the United States [2]. In Mexico tomatillos are planted within a wide range of altitudes[1] .
Soil and climate requirements
In general tomatillo plants are tolerant to many different soil conditions . However, they do best in well-drained, sandy, fertile soil conditions with a pH between 5.5 and 7.3 [3]. Tomatillo plants are cold sensitive [4]. They grow best at 25 to 32 °C. Temperatures at night should not be lower than 15 °C. Below 16°C, growth is growth is very poor. [2]Tomatillo plants prefer full sun exposure and warm locations [5].
Seedbed requirement and sowing
Transplanting is the most common practice to plant the Tomatillo plant [2]. Transplants are produced in greenhouses or in transplant beds[6]. Germination occurs at 20-27 °C [5]. Transplanting occurs 6 to 8 weeks after seeding and when risk of frost is past. Transplants that were produced indoors need to harden off in a warm, sunny place for a few days before being planted outside.[4] Direct outdoor seeding can only be done if there is no frost risk and soil temperature is > 15 °C . Direct outdoor seeding leads to shortening of the vegetation period [4]. Due to its branching growing pattern a single plant requires enough growing space. Tomatillos are typically grown in rows 0.7 to 1.6 meters apart. In-row plant space should not be less than 40 centimeters.[2] Although tomatillo is a perennial plant, overwintering is hard and it is therefore normally cultivated as an annual plant [5].
Fertilization and field management
Tomatillo plants can reach heights of 1.5 to 2 meters. Due to its rapid and branching growth it is recommended to stake them. Staking also facilitates later harvesting and prevents the fruit from touching the ground, which reduces damage to fruit and husk [6]. Staking can also reduce disease, as well as slug damages [2]. Fertilization is recommended at a moderate level. An application of 40 – 90 kg/ha of phosphorus is common. Depending on soil type and irrigation, other nutrients and fertilzers (N/ K) may be required.[2] For non commercial production, regular fertilization is recommended[4]. Even though tomatillo plants becomes more drought tolerant the older they get, regular watering is required [2]. Tomatillo plants require 25-38 mm of water per week [4]. Water can either come from rainfall or irrigation. Irrigation can either be managed by drip, sprinkler, furrow or watering can [2]. Irrigation frequency is depending on weather and crop's growth stage from once or twice a week to daily during hot weather periods [2]. Weeds are a serious challenge in tomatillo production and especially important during the first few weeks. Plastic and organic mulches help to effectively control weeds [4]. Applications of plastic mulches also help to restrict soil water evaporation and modifying microclimate [1], thereby affecting tomatillo growth and yield [1].
Tomatillos are harvested when the fruits fill the calyx [2]. This state is normally achieved after 65 to 100 days after transplanting[5]. Fruit production continues for 1 to 2 months or until first frost. Harvesting occurs regularly, typically every day. Harvesting is done by hand. A single plant produces 60 to 200 fruits within a single growing season, with an average yield of about 9 tons per acre. [3] Tomatillos can be stored up to three weeks in a cold and humid environment [2].
- ^ a b c d Diaz-Perez J., Phatak S.C., Giddings D., Bertrand D., Mills H.A. (2015). "Root zone temperature, plant growth and fruit yield of tomatillo as affected by plastic film mulch". Hort Science. 40: 1312–1319.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Smith R., Jimenez M., Cantwell M (1999). "Tomatillo production in California" (PDF). University of California - Agriculture and Natural Ressources.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Masabni J. (2016). Easy gardening for Texas. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-0972104975.
- ^ a b c d e f Eldon E., Cynthia H., Richard J. (2003). "Tomatillos". Iowa State University - Extension store.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d "Tomatillo pflanzen, pflegen, ernten". Mein schöner Garten (in German). Retrieved 2017-11-18.
- ^ a b "Tomatillo". Specialty Cropportunities. 2012.