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Thessalian League Contribution (Rough Draft)

Early History

The history of the Thessalian League can be traced back to the rule of king Aleuas, a member of an ancient family bearing the name Aleuadae. One source states that it was under Aleuas that Thessaly was divided into four regions. Some time after the death of Aleuas, it is believed that the Aleuadae split into two families, the Aleuadae and the Scopadae. The former were based in the city of Larissa, which later became the capital of the League. The two families formed two powerful aristocratic parties and bore considerable influence over Thessaly.

Jason and Macedonia

A lack of records makes it difficult to have any details of Thessalian life or politics until the 5th century B.C.E., where records discuss the rise of another Thessalian family--the dynasts of Pherae. The dynasts of Pherae gradually rose to hold great power and influence over the Thessalians, challenging the power of the Aleuadae. By 374 B.C.E., the Pherae and the Aleuadae were united with the common, agricultural population of Thessaly by Jason of Pherae. Jason's military organization and work to unify the state challenged the Macedonian influence over Thessaly. Macedonia had left a legacy of pitting Thessalian cities against one another to prevent the rise of a powerful national state. To this end, King Archelaus of Macedonia had seized border provinces of Thessaly for substantial periods and taken sons of Thessalian aristocrats as hostages. However, according to one source, “Jason’s army was said to number eight thousand cavalry and twenty thousand hoplite mercenaries, a force large enough to encourage Philip’s father to seek a nonaggression pact with him.” The late fourth and early third centuries witnessed uneasy peace, which were punctuated by the emergence of civil war.

While Sparta established dominance elsewhere in Greece, Jason strengthened the Thessalian League and made alliances with Macedon and the Boeotian League. (374 B.C.E.) His leadership gave the League unity and power. In 370 BCE, while Thessaly was still preoccupied with the Macedonian intervention, Jason was assassinated and replaced by his nephew Alexander II, who displayed outrageous tyrannical behavior. As a result, the traditional aristocratic families from different cities formed a military alliance against Alexander II of Pherae. Once a united state, Thessaly fell into political instability following these developments. With a lack of leadership among the Thessalians, noble families took control in the fifth century in an attempt to put an end to central authority. However, the internal conflict divided Thessaly into two sides, the western inland area of Thessalian League and the eastern coastal towns of Pherae controlled by the tyrants.

Homer spoke of this period as follows, “Thessaly remained politically fragmented and hence unstable, and the chaos of civil war in the region attracted the interest of a series of outsiders: Boeotia, Athens, and eventually Philip II of Macedonia.” In the year of 364 BCE, the new joint army of Thessalo-Boiotian, led by the Theban general Pelopidas, marched to Alexander II of Pherae to intervene in the civil war. When the military result was not finalized, Pelopidas was summoned to intrude in the protracted struggle between Alexander II and Ptolemy Aloros in Macedonia- the Theban general, however, urged rearrangement of the Thessalian League at that time. The most important parts of the rearrangement were political structure, archon replaced the tagos, and Thessalian army that was organized according to four tetrads of Aleuas. Pelopidas’ death during the battle assured continuous regional civil war. In the late summer of 358 BCE, a death of Alexander II of Pherae opened a path for Philip’s diplomatic conquest of Thessaly at the request of Cineas of Larissa. The civil war in Thessaly lasted for six years until Philip’s intervention put an end to it. 

The Thessalian League and Philip of Macedon

In 355 B.C.E., Thebes convinced several members of the Amphictyonic League to declare war on Phocis, a fellow member of the League. Thessaly voted with Thebes, but when the Phocian general Philomelus defeated 6,000 troops fielded by the Thessalians, Thessaly divided into opposing regions. The tyrants of Pherae allied with Athens to support Phocis while the Thessalian League remained opposed to Phocis and sought the aid of Philip of Macedon. Philip was attracted by the military potential of the Thessalian League. Thessaly was famous for its horse-breeding as well as the skill and effectiveness of its cavalry, considered equal to Philip's own Macedonian Companions. When Philip answered the call for help and captured the port of Pherae, he became fully engaged on the Theban side of the Third Sacred War. His interventions eventually resulted in the defeat of the tyrants of Pherae around 353 B.C.E and he was elected president (archon) of the Thessalian League. Being entrusted with this position for life, Philip was able to unite the resources and manpower of both Macedonia and Thessaly in order to create a powerful alliance that gave him tremendous influence over the Greek city-states. At his death, many Greek cities rejoiced and some rose up to expel, or attempt to expel, their Macedonian garrisons. This revolt resulted in an invasion of the plain of Peneus by Alexander. Faced with the Macedonian army suddenly appearing behind them, and having had little time to organize any resistance, the League surrendered and elected Alexander archon in his father’s place.

Rome and the League

On the eve of the Second Macedonian War, Thessaly was divided between the two dominant powers of Aitolia and Macedonia. When the Roman commander T. Quinctius Flaminius’s legions set foot on mainland Greece in 199 B.C. E, he and Aitolian allies defeated the Thessalians under Philip V of Macedon at the battle at Cynoscephalae by 197, bringing a systematic change of the political boundaries of central Greece. His victory proved the superiority of the legion over the phalanx and Roman influence and control spread throughout Thessaly.

At the end of Second Macedonian War in 196, Rome established Thessaly as a koinon, Federal League, and cultivated its development to make it part of hegemonic powers of central and northern Greece . At the ceremony of the Isthmian Games in 196, Flamininus, associated in name with the Roman Senate, stated a decree that declared: “The Senate of Rome and Titus Quinctius the pro-consul having overcome King Philip and the Macedonians, leave the following peoples free, without garrisons and subject to no tribute and governed by their countries’ laws—the Corinthians, Phocians, Locrians, Euboeans, Phthiotic Achaeans, Magnesians, Thessalians, and Perrhaibians” . Hence, Thessalian Leagues started administering their affairs with a judicious condition of order for the first time in 150 or more years of chaos and turmoil. Flamininus started to act as a central political figure of Thessaly and took initiations to restore the local governments, through establishing a new census and restricting high classes’ possibility to hold magistrates and council positions, that led to a stable federal league of Thessaly. Under Roman control, the Thessalian League gradually increased in size and power as a loyal ally and it played a significant role in the campaigning and theatre of operation during the Roman civil wars . The Thessalian League was one of the several Greek leagues the Roman tolerated until 146 B.C.E., when the Roman commander Mummius razed the city of Corinth to the ground, disbanded the leagues, and informally reduced Greece to provincial status.

"Myth of Er" Article Evaluation

Is everything in the article relevant to the article topic? Is there anything that distracted you?

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• Check a few citations. Do the links work? Does the source support the claims in the article? A. The article only has one source listed under "References" and has minimal citations. One link doesn't work. However, the "Further Reading" links do work.
• Is each fact referenced with an appropriate, reliable reference? A. No, the article needs more sources and references. Where does the information come from? Are these neutral sources? A. The information comes from original Greek writings, which should be accurate representations given the context and content of the article. If biased, is that bias noted?
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Article Contribution: "Thessalian League"

Reason for contribution:

The article only has two sentences and no citations, but the League had an important role in the 4th and 5th centuries (B.C.E) of Greek and Roman civilization.

What we plan to add:

A chronological section expounding on the following areas of the history of the Thessalian League

1. Its origins and the city-states that composed it
2. The civil war between eastern and western Thessaly in the 4th century and how that affected contemporary politics
3. The effects on the Thessalian League by Philip of Macedon as well as the effects of his rule
4. Roman influence and control post-Second Macedonian War
5. The influence and rule of Antigonus II

We will each focus on one area and try to write a paragraph about our chosen topic. In one week, we will come back as a group to compare, organize, and synthesize what we've found.

Marissa-1

Semjee-2

Abigail-3

Dulguun-4

#5 will go to whoever finishes first or whoever has the least material to work with.

Secondary Sources (Ones we are considering using)

Hammond, N. G. L. 1994. Philip of Macedon. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Shipley, Graham. 2000. The Greek World After Alexander, 323-30 B.c. Routledge History of the Ancient World. London: Routledge

Marissa's Contributions

Thessaly was once one united state, but following the assassination of Jason of Pherae, the lack of leadership created political instability. in the fifth century, the noble families took control, wanting to put an end to central authority, however this way of ruling did not last long, and they split off into two factions- the Thessalian League of the west, and the eastern part falling under the tyrants of Pherae. Thessaly, once seen as united, or ethos, is now described as a failed state

Citation/Sources: Ashley, James R. “Thessaly .” The Macedonian Empire: the Era of Warfare under Philip II and Alexander the Great, 359-323 B.C., McFarland & Company, 2004, pp. 130–132.

https://books.google.com/books?id=nTmXOFX-wioC&pg=PA132&dq=thessalian+league&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1m8DPp9DWAhXHj1QKHWirD3gQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=thessalian%20league&f=false

https://books.google.nl/books?id=Qs2SBQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thessaly&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjq1ezoktfWAhVrxoMKHfwQDf0Q6AEIJjAA#v=onepage&q=thessaly&f=false

Flaminius

Soon after the war with Hannibal had ended, Philip V of Macedon issued another declaration of war, which the people had not expected until the summer of 200 B.C. Titus Quinctius Flaminius, leader of the Roman Army, led his troops to invade Thessaly during the spring of 197 B.C., and Philip advanced his troops to meet Flaminius, but  the ground was not suitable for battle and they withdrew. Natural elements kept them from engaging in battle until both sides unknowingly pitched camps on opposite sides of the Chalcedonian Hills.  Fighting broke out on the top of the Hill, and Flaminius led the Roman troops to victory. While his remaining troops were slaughtered, Philip escaped but Macedonia's region of greatness had come to an end.

Citation/Source: Connolly, Peter. 2012. Greece and Rome at War. Havertown: Frontline Books, 2012. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost), EBSCOhost (accessed November 11, 2017)

Abigail's Contributions

The history of the Thessalian League can be traced back to two powerful families, the Aleuadae and the Scopadae. The former were based in the city of Larissa, which later became the capital of the League. A lack of records makes it difficult to have any details of Thessalian life or politics until the 5th century B.C.E., where records discuss the rise of another Thessalian family--the dynasts of Pherae. These dynasts of Pherae gradually rose to hold great power and influence over the Thessalians, challenging the power of the Aleuadae family. By 374 B.C.E., the Pherae and the Aleuadae were united with the common, agricultural population of Thessaly by Jason of Pherae. While Sparta established dominance elsewhere in Greece, Jason strengthened the Thessalian League and made alliances with Macedon and the Boeotian League. (374 B.C.E.) His leadership gave the League unity and power until he was assassinated a few years later.

In 355 B.C.E., Thebes convinced several members of the Amphictyonic League to declare war on Phocis, a fellow member of the League. Thessaly voted with Thebes, but when the Phocian general Philomelus defeated 6,000 troops fielded by the Thessalians, Thessaly divided into opposing regions. The tyrants of Pherae allied with Athens to support Phocis while the Thessalian League remained opposed to Phocis and sought the aid of Philip of Macedon. Philip was attracted by the military potential of the Thessalian League. Thessaly was famous for its horse-breeding as well as the skill and effectiveness of its cavalry, considered equal to Philip's own Macedonian Companions. When Philip answered the call for help and captured the port of Pherae, he became fully engaged on the Theban side of the Third Sacred War. His interventions eventually resulted in the defeat of the tyrants of Pherae around 353 B.C.E and he was elected president (archon) of the Thessalian League. Being entrusted with this position for life, Philip was able to unite the resources and manpower of both Macedonia and Thessaly in order to create a powerful alliance that gave him tremendous influence over the Greek city-states. 

At his death, many Greek cities rejoiced and some rose up to expel, or attempt to expel, their Macedonian garrisons. This revolt resulted in an invasion of the plain of Peneus by Alexander. Faced with the Macedonian army suddenly appearing behind them, and having had little time to organize any resistance, the League surrendered and elected Alexander archon in his father’s place.

In 197 B.C.E., the Roman commander T. Quinctius Flaminius defeated the Thessalians under Philip V of Macedon in a battle at Cynoscephalae. His victory proved the superiority of the legion over the phalanx and Roman influence and control spread throughout Thessaly. One year later, Flaminius declared that Greece was free. The Thessalian League was one of several Greek leagues the Roman tolerated until 146 B.C.E., when the Roman commander Mummius razed the city of Corinth to the ground, disbanded the leagues, and informally reduced Greece to provincial status.

Semjee's Contribution

In order to prevent the rise of a powerful national state, Thessaly, Macedonia had always played one city against another. To this end, King Archelaus of Macedonia seized border provinces of Thessaly for substantial periods and “took ten sons of Larissan aristocrats as hostages” The late fourth and early third centuries witnessed uneasy peace, which punctuated by the emergence of civil war.

The policy of domestic commotion presented the Macedonians with fiasco around 380 BCE when Jason of Pherae started military conquest and strived to unify the state. “Jason’s army was said to number eight thousand cavalry and twenty thousand hoplite mercenaries, a force large enough to encourage Philip’s father to seek a nonaggression pact with him.” In 370 BCE, while Thessaly was still preoccupied with the Macedonian intervention, Jason was assassinated and replaced by his nephew Alexander II, who displayed outrageous tyrannical behavior. As a result, the traditional aristocratic families from different cities formed a military alliance, the Thessalian League, against the Alexander II of Pherae. The crisis produced by an internal conflict deepened fractional divisions into two sides, the western inland area of Thessalian League and the eastern coastal towns of Pherae.

    As Homer described the foundation of the region, “Thessaly remained politically fragmented and hence unstable, and the chaos of civil war in the region attracted the interest of a series of outsiders: Boeotia, Athens, and eventually Philip II of Macedonia.” In the year of 364 BCE, the new joint army of Thessalo-Boiotian, led by the Theban general Pelopidas, marched to Alexander II of Pherae to intervene in the civil war. When the military result was not finalized, Pelopidas was summoned to intrude in the protracted struggle between Alexander II and Ptolemy Aloros in Macedonia- the Theban general, however, urged rearrangement of the Thessalian League at that time. The most important parts of the rearrangement were political structure, archon replaced the tagos, and Thessalian army that was organized according to four tetrads of Aleuas. Pelopidas’ death during the battle assured continuous regional civil war. In the late summer of 358 BCE, a death of Alexander II of Pherae opened a path for Philip’s diplomatic conquest of Thessaly at the request of Cineas of Larissa. The civil war in Thessaly lasted for six years until Philip’s intervention put an end to it.

Dulguun's Contributions

On the eve of the Second Macedonian War, Thessaly was divided between the two dominant powers of Aitolia and Macedonia. When the Roman commander T.Quinctius Flamininus’s legions set foot on mainland Greece in 199 B.C. E, he and Aitolian allies defeated the Thessalians under Philip V of Macedon at the battle of Cynoscephalae by 197, bringing a systematic change of the political boundaries of central Greece. At the end of Second Macedonian War in 196, Rome established Thessaly as a koinon, Federal League, and cultivated its development to make it part of hegemonic powers of central and northern Greece (Graninger, 2011).

At the ceremony of the Isthmian Games in 196, Flamininus, associated in name with the Roman Senate, stated a decree that declared: “The Senate of Rome and Titus Quinctius the pro-consul having overcome King Philip and the Macedonians, leave the following peoples free, without garrisons and subject to no tribute and governed by their countries’ laws—the Corinthians, Phocians, Locrians, Euboeans, Phthiotic Achaeans, Magnesians, Thessalians, and Perrhaibians” (Graninger, 2011). Hence, Thessalian Leagues started administering their affairs with a judicious condition of order for the first time in 150 or more years of chaos and turmoil. Flamininus started to act as a central political figure of Thessaly and took initiations to restore the local governments, through establishing a new census and restricting high classes’ possibility to hold magistrates and council positions, that led to a stable federal league of Thessaly. Under Roman control, the Thessalian League gradually increased in size and power as a loyal ally and it played a significant role in the campaigning and theatre of operation during the Roman civil wars (Graninger, 2011).

Additional Resources

http://www.willamette.edu/cla/classics/resources/hfma/coininfo/023.html

http://the-ans.com/library/Conf2012CP2.html

NOTE: SOME SOURCES HAVE BEEN DUPLICATED. THIS WILL BE FIXED WHEN THE ARTICLE IS MOVED TO THE MAIN WIKI PAGE.

Good article contribution. It was very in-depth but I was not lost in the details and I had a good understanding of the purpose for this contribution. I liked the intro and the smooth transitions between topics. I don't see any applications for pictures or maps so that is excusable. I couldn't find any grammatical or spelling errors. Great job!

Greghilarides~~~

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cN0vow2I3B_g09mY-3z3c9ypIdTZmnxn/view?usp=sharing

Sam Kriebel~~~

From what I see, this article contribution is very well written. Your sources are good, and your wording and transitions are clear. The information is articulated and explained very well!

Clay Settle~~~