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Article Evaluation: Hildegard of Bingen The article has a very well structured format that gives relevant information about Hildegard's life and works. The tone of the article is very factual and not bias in any form. Each section of the page is supported with many citations. The article very heavily discusses Hildegard's visions but does not go into too much detail about her early life. Most of the links I clicked took me to other Wikipedia articles which was helpful but perhaps not the best direct source. The article is heavily cited and the citations seem to be up to date and correct. The talk page discussed mainly about adding important facts that were left out and adding more citations. I consider this article to be a strong and reliable source due to its length and heavily cited sources.

Clemence Sophia Harned Lozier: I will add more details about Lozier's personal achievments. I also plan to add more details about her work and what drove her passion as an activists for women and medicine. *graduated at age 40*

Early Life

Before residing in Plainfield, the family lived in Virginia among Indian tribes. This is where Clemence’s mother gained valuable information from the Indians that aided her in becoming an attendant to the sick.Clemence was exposed to medicine at an early age, observing her mother treat the sick in her town with traditional medicine. At age 17, she was married to Abraham Witton Lozier, an architect many years her senior. Two of her older brothers were successful preachers in the Methodist church. Her father was also a well known presence in the church. This gave her the foundation for strong religious roots that she carried throughout her life. When her husband's health began to fail, Lozier started to study physiology. When she was 19 she began teaching classes from her home to educate girls in anatomy, physiology, and hygiene.[6] She taught up to 60 students a year for 11 years. The students came from prominent families so Lozier was able to establish herself as a highly-regarded teacher. She taught hygiene and anatomy which she learned from her older physician brother. He who also helped guide her interest in medicine into her late thirties. She was one of the first teachers in the city to introduce the study of Psychology, Hygiene and Anatomy as branches of the female education.[5]

When she was 19, she opened up a school for girl’s in her home in 1832. She taught up to 60 students a year for 11 years. The students came from prominent families so Lozier was able to establish herself as a highly-regarded teacher. She taught hygiene and anatomy which she learned from her older physician brother who also guided her interest in medicine in her late thirties. Also at that time she re married a man named John Baker whom she later divorced. Before residing in Plainfield, the family lived in Virginia amount Indian tribes. This is where Clemence’s mother gained valuable information from the Indians that aided her in becoming an attendant to the sick. In 1830 she married A.W Lozier in New York. He soon after fell ill which lead to Mrs. Lozier to open a school in her home on West Tenth Street. She was one of the first teachers in the city to introduce the study of Psychology, Hygiene and Anatomy as branches of the female education. -brothers were successful preachers in the Methodist church. Also her father had a well known presence in the church. This helped form her strong religious roots that she carried throughout her life. Two of her older brothers were successful preachers in the Methodist church. Her father was also a well known presence in the church. This gave her the foundation for strong religious roots that she carried throughout her life.

Education

Eventually, she was allowed to attend classes at Central New York College of Rochester in 1849, and was later admitted to Syracuse Eclectic College. In 1850 the Central Medical College of New York moved to Rochester and became Rochester Eclectic Medical College. In 1849 the Eclectic Medical Institute merged with Randolph Eclectic Medical Institute and moved to Syracuse to become the Central Medical College of New York, which agreed to admit Lozier as a medical student. Ten years after graduation, Lozier founded the homeopathic New York Medical College and Hospital for Women. This became the most important institution for women's homeopathic education in the United States. Lozier struggled,even in her own institute, to promote gender equality. She began to replace male professors with competent women.There was an issue when Issac M. Ward in 1866 refused to leave his position when Lozier wanted to replace him with Ann Innman. Lozier studied medicine under the direction her brother William Harned. William was a good reputable physician in New York and was partnered with Dr. Doane who was formerly a quarantine physician in a chemical laboratory. . After her husband’s death in 1837, Clemence continued with her medical training which she desired to devote herself. In 1860, she began a course of familiar lectures in her own parlor. This continued for three years during which a “Medical Library Association” was formed, for the purpose of promoting reading upon such subjects on the anatomy of women.

Medical Career

Had extensive experience with observing disease in it’s worst forms among women and children. Had performed more than a hundred and twenty “capital operations” in the removal of vital tumors. When scholars were ill, she would be called before physicians. Her advice would be sole reliance in ordinary diseases. (5) Before her acceptance to medical school, Clemence had extensive experience with observing disease in it’s worst forms among women and children. She had performed more than a hundred and twenty “capital operations” in the removal of vital tumors. When scholars were ill, she would be called before physicians. Her advice would be sole reliance in ordinary diseases. </ref> After graduating from medical school, Lozier began a private practice that focused on homeopathic treatments. From 1860 to 1863 she taught private lectures in her home, which led to the formation of "A Ladies' Medical Association". Due to increasing enrollment, she collaborated with her friend Elizabeth Cady Stanton to petition for a charter for a women's medical college. Seeing high demand for the lectures and wasted talent from women getting turned away from medical school. Dr. Lozier, with the help from Elizabeth Cady Stanton, was able to persuade New York State legislature to grant her a charter for a women’s medical college. In 1863, the New York medical college for women opened with seven female students in the inaugural class and a faculty of 8 doctors, 4 were women and 4 were men.

Legacy

Dr. Clemence is the reason women in New York could finally study medicine. Before her, there were no institutes in New York that offered classes to women. She became president and clinical professor of diseases of women (1863-1867) and dean and professor of gynecology (1867-1888) and had a private practice (1853-1888)Before her, there were no institutes in New York that offered classes to women. ^[5] She became president and clinical professor of diseases of women (1863-1867) and dean and professor of gynecology (1867-1888) and had a private practice (1853-1888)^[6]

For 7 years she was associated with Mrs. Margaret Pryor in visiting the poor and abandoned in connection with the Moral Reform Society, and often prescribed for them in sickness.

Advocacy

Once a month Lozier would host Anti Slavery meetings. During times of riots and violence, she would open her home to colored people as well as collect food and medicine for children of the Colored Orphan Asylum after it had burned down. Was the National Women's Suffrage Association president from 1877-1888. Lozier was devoted to improving the lives of others, going beyond just treating patients. She hosted Anti-Slavery Society meetings monthly at her own home, and she provided refuge for African Americans during the July Riots of 1862. Once a month Lozier would host Anti Slavery meetings. During times of riots and violence, she would open her home to colored people as well as collect food and medicine for children of the Colored Orphan Asylum after it had burned down. ^[7] Her son claimed "her house was a Mecca for all reformers, and bristled like a fortress from garret to cellar with ammunitions of war--documents and pamphlets upon woman's disabilities under the law, arguments and petitions in behalf of suffrage, anti-slavery and temperance, sanitary reform, international arbitration, amelioration of the condition of the Indians, moral education, reform of prisons and insane asylums, etc." She helped found the Female Guardian Society with Margaret Pryor, which visited prisons and poor areas of New York to help mistreated women and children. For 7 years Lozier and Pryor would visit the poor and abandoned in connection with the Moral Reform Society, and often prescribed for them in sickness.Dr. Lozier is the reason women in New York could finally study medicine.