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Map of the UKUSA Agreement countries: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom, and the United States

This is a list of notable people who are known to have been placed under surveillance by the Five Eyes (FVEY) - a term used by intelligence agencies to refer to the following five countries: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States.[1][2]

FVEY countries are bound by the UKUSA Agreement for cooperation in signals intelligence. Although the UKUSA alliance is often associated with the global surveillance system ECHELON, processed intelligence is reliant on multiple sources of information and the intelligence shared is not just restricted to signals intelligence, but also involves the mutual exchange of defence intelligence, security intelligence, and human intelligence.[3]

In recent years, several security agencies of the FVEY countries have been accused of intentionally spying on one another's citizens and willingly sharing the collected information with each other, allegedly circumventing laws preventing each agency from spying on its own citizens.[4][5][6][7]

Abbreviations of FVEY government agencies

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Abbr Agency Role Country
ASD Australian Signals Directorate Signals intelligence  Australia
CIA Central Intelligence Agency Human intelligence  United States
CSEC Communications Security Establishment Canada Signals intelligence  Canada
FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation Security intelligence  United States
GCHQ Government Communications Headquarters Signals intelligence  United Kingdom
GCSB Government Communications Security Bureau Signals intelligence  New Zealand
MI5 The Security Service Security intelligence  United Kingdom
MI6 Secret Intelligence Service Human intelligence  United Kingdom
NSA National Security Agency Signals intelligence  United States

List of notable people placed under FVEY surveillance

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1900-60

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The history of domestic spying by an FVEY agency dates back to the beginning of the 20th century, with several notable FBI targets such as the physicist Albert Einstein, the First Lady of the United States, Eleanor Roosevelt, and the English comedian Charlie Chaplin, who was targeted British security agents acting on behalf of the FBI.[8]

Picture Name Lifetime Notes
Albert Einstein 1879–1955 A German-born theoretical physicist who developed the general theory of relativity and the E = mc2 formula, Albert Einstein was in favor of socialism and critical of capitalism, which he detailed in his essays such as "Why Socialism?". Due to his alleged ties to communism, the FBI placed Einstein under surveillance as part of a campaign to banish him from the United States.[9][10]
Helen Keller 1880–1968 An American author, political activist, and lecturer, Helen Keller was the first deafblind person to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree. She campaigned for women's suffrage, labor rights, and was outspoken in her convictions. Due to her radical views, the FBI kept Keller under surveillance for most of her adult life.[11][12][13]
Eleanor Roosevelt 1884–1962 The longest-serving First Lady of the United States, Eleanor Roosevelt was ranked in the top ten of Gallup's List of Most Widely Admired People of the 20th Century. She spoke out against anti-Japanese prejudice during World War II, lobbied to make lynching a federal crime and supported the African-American Civil Rights Movement. Due to her alleged ties to communism and dangerous political views, she was placed under FBI surveillance. The FBI kept a 3000-page dossier on Roosevelt, which contains charges against her for suspected communist activities and disloyalty to the country.[14][15][16]
Charlie Chaplin 1889–1977 An English comedian, filmmaker, and composer who rose to fame in the silent era, Charlie Chaplin became one of the most important figures in the film industry through his screen persona "the Tramp". Due to his alleged ties to communism, he was placed under surveillance by MI5 agents acting on behalf of the FBI as part of a campaign to banish him from the United States.[8][17][18]
Ernest Hemingway 1899–1961 An American author, journalist and recipient of the 1954 Nobel Prize in Literature, many of Ernest Hemingway's works are considered to be classics of American literature. Due to his alleged ties to communist Cuba, Hemingway was placed under FBI surveillance for the rest of his life and eventually committed suicide in 1961.[19][20][21]
Charles Lindbergh 1902–1974 An American aviator, inventor, and activist, Charles Lindbergh emerged from virtual obscurity to instantaneous world fame after becoming the first pilot to fly from New York City to Paris within a single day. Due to his support of political isolationism, he was placed under surveillance and investigated by the FBI.[22][23]
File:Frank Sinatra - 1950s.JPG Frank Sinatra 1915–1998 An American singer and film actor who won eleven Grammy Awards, including the Grammy Trustees Award, Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, Frank Sinatra is one of the best-selling artists of all time. Due to his possible Mafia ties and relationships with the American Communist Party, he was placed under FBI surveilance for several decades.[24][25]
Marilyn Monroe 1926–1962 An American actress, model, and singer, Marilyn Monroe has often been cited as both a pop and a cultural icon, as well as the quintessential American sex symbol. Due to her alleged ties to communism, she was placed under surveillance by the FBI. From the year 1955 onwards, the FBI closely monitored her social life until months before her death.[26][27]

1960-present

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By the early 1960s, FVEY surveillance was further expanded due to the involvement of other government agencies, with notable surveillance targets including South African President Nelson Mandela, the actress Jane Fonda, and Princess Diana, whose communications were monitored by the NSA and the GCHQ.[28][29]

Picture Name Lifetime Notes
Nelson Mandela 1918–2013 A South African activist, lawyer, and philanthropist who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, Nelson Mandela worked towards dismantling the legacy of apartheid through tackling institutionalised racism, poverty and inequality. Denounced as a communist and terrorist by critics, Mandela was placed under surveillance by British MI6 agents[30][31] In 1962, Mandela was arrested after details about his terrorist activities were handed over to South African security officials by the CIA.[32][33]
Noam Chomsky 1928– An American linguist, cognitive scientist and logician, Noam Chomsky is the creator of the Chomsky hierarchy, the universal grammar theory, and the Chomsky–Schützenberger theorem. Due to his anti-war activism in the 1960s and 70s, he was placed under surveillance by the CIA.[34][35]
Martin Luther King, Jr. 1929–1968 An American pastor, activist, humanitarian, and leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement , Martin Luther King, Jr. received the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolence. Due to his alleged ties to communism, King was targeted by the FBI's COINTELPRO surveillance program for much of his adult life.[36] Due to his criticism of the Vietnam War, King was targeted by the MINARET surveillance program of the NSA.[37][38]
Jane Fonda 1937– An American actress, writer, political activist and former fashion model, Jane Fonda is the recipient of two Academy Awards, an Emmy Award and three Golden Globes. Due to her political activism, her communications as well as those of her husband, Tom Hayden, were intercepted by the GCHQ and handed over to the NSA.[39][40]
Kofi Annan 1938– A Ghanaian diplomat who served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan is a co-recipient of the 2001 Nobel Peace Prize. In the run-up to the Iraq War, his office was bugged by British agents.[41][42] An NSA memo detailed plans to boost eavesdropping on UN delegations of six countries as part of a "dirty tricks" campaign to apply pressure on these countries to vote in favour of using force against Iraq.[43][44][41]
John Lennon 1940–1980 A British musician, songwriter, and lead singer of The Beatles, John Lennon engaged in anti-war activism through several iconic songs such as "Give Peace a Chance" and "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)". In 1971, he moved to New York City to join activists in the United States to protest against the Vietnam War. Over the next 12 months, the U.S. government launched an extensive FBI surveillance program to monitor his activities and deport him back to Britain.[45][46]
Muhammad Ali 1942– A former American professional boxer generally considered among the greatest heavyweights in the sport's history, Muhammad Ali won the world heavyweight championship at the age of 22, but refused to be conscripted into the U.S. military, citing his religious beliefs and opposition to the Vietnam War. He was targeted by the MINARET surveillance program of the NSA.[37][38]
Diana, Princess of Wales 1961–1997 The Princess of Wales was placed under surveillance by the NSA, which kept a top secret file on her with more than 1,000 pages. The contents of Diana's NSA file cannot be disclosed because of national security concerns.[28][47]
Kim Dotcom 1974– A German-Finnish Internet entrepreneur, businessman, and hacktivist, Kim Dotcom (born Kim Schmitz) is the founder of the file hosting service Megaupload. In 2012, it was revealed that the GCSB of New Zealand conducted illegal surveillance on Dotcom. Prime Minister John Key issued an apology for the GCSB's illegal surveillance.[48][49][50]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Five Eyes". United States Army Combined Arms Center. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  2. ^ "PKI Interoperability with FVEY Partner Nations on the NIPRNet". United States Department of the Navy. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  3. ^ Cox, James (December 2012). "Canada and the Five Eyes Intelligence Community" (PDF). Canadian Defence and Foreign Affairs Institute.
  4. ^ James Ball (20 November 2013). "US and UK struck secret deal to allow NSA to 'unmask' Britons' personal data". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  5. ^ Ewen MacAskill, James Ball and Katharine Murphy (2 December 2013). "Revealed: Australian spy agency offered to share data about ordinary citizens". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  6. ^ NSA 'offers intelligence to British counterparts to skirt UK law', The Guardian, 10 June 2013. Retrieved July 2013.
  7. ^ British spy agency taps cables, shares with U.S. NSA – Guardian, Reuters, 21 June 2013. Retrieved July 2013.
  8. ^ a b Richard Norton-Taylor (17 February 2012). "MI5 spied on Charlie Chaplin after FBI asked for help to banish him from US". The Guardian. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  9. ^ "New Details Emerge From the Einstein Files; How the F.B.I. Tracked His Phone Calls and His Trash". The New York Times. Retrieved September 17, 2013. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  10. ^ "FBI campaign against Einstein revealed". BBC. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
  11. ^ Peter Dreier. "Helen Keller's Radical Vision". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 27 September 2013. The FBI kept Keller under surveillance for most of her adult life for her radical views. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  12. ^ Bill Singer. "Enter the FBI's Vault: Groucho Marx, Sonny Bono, Helen Keller, UFOs, and Louie Louie". Forbes. Retrieved 18 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  13. ^ Rappaport, Helen (2001). Encyclopedia of women social reformers. Santa Barbara, Calif. [u.a.]: ABC-CLIO. p. 356. ISBN 1576071014.
  14. ^ "FBI Files . Eleanor Roosevelt . WGBH American Experience". PBS. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  15. ^ "Question: Why is Eleanor Roosevelt's FBI file so large?". George Washington University. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
  16. ^ "Eleanor Roosevelt". History (TV channel). Retrieved 18 September 2013. J. Edgar Hoover (1895-1972), the longtime director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, considered Eleanor Roosevelt's liberal views dangerous and believed she might be involved in communist activities. He ordered his agents to monitor Roosevelt and keep what became an extensive file on her.
  17. ^ Douglas Stanglin (2012-02-17). "British spy files show FBI efforts to ban Charlie Chaplin". USA Today. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  18. ^ "The Charlie Chaplin MI5 files uncovered". BBC. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  19. ^ HERBERT MITGANG (March 11, 1983). "Publishing F.B.I. File on Hemingway". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  20. ^ A. E. HOTCHNER (July 1, 2011). "Hemingway, Hounded by the Feds". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  21. ^ Peter Beaumont (3 July 2011). "Fresh claim over role the FBI played in suicide of Ernest Hemingway". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  22. ^ Charles, Douglas M. (1997). "FBI Political Surveillance and the Charles Lindbergh Investigation, 1939–1944". The Historian (journal). 59 (4): 831–848. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1997.tb01378.x. {{cite journal}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  23. ^ Charles, Douglas M. (2007). Edgar Hoover and the anti-interventionists : FBI political surveillance and the rise of the domestic security state, 1939-1945. Columbus: Ohio State University Press. ISBN 0814291406.
  24. ^ RONALD J. OSTROW and LISA GETTER. "FBI Files on Sinatra Detail Links to JFK, Mob Figures". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 18 September 2013. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  25. ^ MOLOTSKY, IRVIN. "F.B.I. Releases Its Sinatra File, With Tidbits Old and New". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 September 2013. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  26. ^ "New data show how closely FBI monitored Marilyn Monroe". CBS News. December 28, 2012.
  27. ^ "FBI suspected Marilyn Monroe of communist ties". USA Today. Retrieved 18 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  28. ^ a b Vernon Loeb (December 12, 1998). "NSA Admits to Spying on Princess Diana". The Washington Post. Retrieved 18 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  29. ^ Nick Allen and Gordon Rayner (09 Jan 2008). "Diana's Squidgygate tapes 'leaked by GCHQ'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 18 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  30. ^ "British intelligence 'birdwatchers spied on Nelson Mandela's hideout'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved September 21, 2013. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  31. ^ "Nelson Mandela 'was spied on by MI6 birdwatchers'". The Times. Retrieved September 21, 2013. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  32. ^ DAVID JOHNSTON (June 10, 1990). "C.I.A. TIE REPORTED IN MANDELA ARREST". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  33. ^ Jeff Stein. "The Day Mandela Was Arrested, With A Little Help From the CIA". Newsweek. Retrieved 18 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  34. ^ John Hudson. "Exclusive: After Multiple Denials, CIA Admits to Snooping on Noam Chomsky". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 27 September 2013. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  35. ^ Nikhil Kumar. "Memo shows CIA 'did keep file on Noam Chomsky'". The Independent. Retrieved 27 September 2013. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  36. ^ Jen Christensen. "FBI tracked King's every move". CNN. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  37. ^ a b Richard Leiby. "Declassified documents show NSA listened in on MLK, Muhammad Ali and Art Buchwald". The Washington Post. Retrieved 18 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  38. ^ a b Ed Pilkington (26 September 2013). "Declassified NSA files show agency spied on Muhammad Ali and MLK". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  39. ^ Christopher Hanson (August 13. 1982). "British 'helped U.S. in spying on activists'". The Vancouver Sun. Retrieved November 30, 2013. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  40. ^ "'UK aided spy check'". Evening Times. Glasgow. August 13, 1982. Retrieved November 30, 2013.
  41. ^ a b "UK bugged Annan's office, says former minister". The Sydney Morning Herald. February 27, 2004. Retrieved 18 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  42. ^ "UK 'spied on UN's Kofi Annan'". BBC. February 2004.
  43. ^ Martin Bright, Ed Vulliamy, and Peter Beaumont (2 March 2003). "Revealed: US dirty tricks to win vote on Iraq war". The Observer. Retrieved 18 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  44. ^ Martin Bright (Sunday 3 March 2013). "Katharine Gun: Ten years on what happened to the woman who revealed dirty tricks on the UN Iraq war vote?". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  45. ^ ADAM COHEN (21 September 2006). "While Nixon Campaigned, the F.B.I. Watched John Lennon". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 October 2013. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  46. ^ Andrew Gumbel. "The Lennon Files: The FBI and the Beatle". The Independent. Retrieved 27 October 2013. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  47. ^ "Top secret US files could hold clues to death of Diana". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  48. ^ Rebecca Quilliam. "GCSB spying illegal, but no charges laid". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 18 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  49. ^ "No charges laid over GCSB's illegal spying of Dotcom". Television New Zealand. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  50. ^ "John Key apologises to Kim Dotcom". Television New Zealand. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
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