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Hamazi is located in Near East
Hamazi
Hamazi
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Approximate location of Hamazi.
Vase fragments of Uhub. The top one has the fragmentary inscription Zababa Uhub Ensi Kish-ki ("Goddess Zababa, Uhub Governor of Kish". The second fragment from the same vase mentions "Pussusu conqueror of Hamazi ( 𒄩𒈠𒍣𒆠, ha-ma-ziki)". British Museum (BM 129401)[1][2][3]
A map of the Near East detailing the approximated locations of various ancient regions, kingdoms, and/or cities (some of which remain lost) that were described on the epic poetry of Enmerkar.

Hamazi or Khamazi (Sumerian: 𒄩𒈠𒍣𒆠, ha-ma-ziki, or 𒄩𒈠𒍢𒆠 Ḫa-ma-zi2ki)[4] first came to the attention of archaeologists with the discovery of a vase with an inscription in very archaic cuneiform commemorating the victory of Uhub (r. c. 2570 – c. 2550 BC as an early ruler of Kish) over Hamazi, resulting in speculation that Hamazi was to be identified with Carchemish (in Syria).[5][6][7] Its exact location is unknown; but, it's now generally considered to have been located somewhere along the vicinity of the Diyala river and/or the western region of the Zagros mountains—possibly near Nuzi (in Iraq) or Hamadan (in Iran). The earliest mention of Hamazi is on the Bowl of Utu (dated to c. 3245, 2750, or 2600 BC).[8][9][10]

"Hamazi" in the inscription of Uhub.

One of the earliest references to Hamazi is found in the epic Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta, where Enmerkar prays to Enki about the confusion of languages in the various inhabited lands, at the time of the building of the ziggurats in Eridu and Uruk.[11][12] Hamazi is the only land mentioned in this prayer with the epithet "many-tongued". A sequel, Enmerkar and En-suhgir-ana also mentions that the sorcerer of Hamazi, Urgirinuna, went to Aratta after Hamazi "had been destroyed"; he is later sent by the Lord of Aratta on a failed mission attempting to bring Enmerkar into submission.

A copy of a diplomatic message sent from Irkab-Damu (r. c. 2340 BC as the malikum of Ebla) to Zizi (r. c. 2450 BC as a ruler of Hamazi) was found among the Ebla tablets.[13][14] According to the SKL, king Hadanish of Hamazi (r. c. 2450 – c. 2430 BC) held the hegemony over Sumer after defeating Kish; however, he was in turn defeated by Enshakushanna of Uruk.[6][15]

History

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Hamazi was one of the provinces under the reign of Amar-Suen (r. c. 2047 – c. 2038, c. 2046 – c. 2038 BC) of the third dynasty of Ur.[14][7][16] Ur-Adad, Lu-nanna (son of Nam-mahani), Ur-Ishkur, and Warad-Nannar may have ruled as governors of Hamazi up until the province was plundered c. 2010 BC by Ishbi-Erra (r. c. 2018 – c. 1985, c. 2017 – c. 1985 BC) of Isin.[14][17][7][18] The rulers of Hamazi are believed to have r. c. 3245 – c. 2010 BC.[14][19][20][21][22][23]

References

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Notes

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Citations

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  1. ^ "CDLI-Archival View". cdli.ucla.edu.
  2. ^ "Collections Online British Museum". www.britishmuseum.org.
  3. ^ Thureau-Dangin, F. (François) (1905). Les inscriptions de Sumer et d'Akkad, transcription et traduction. Paris, Leroux. p. 229.
  4. ^ The Sumerian King List. Accessed 15 Dec 2010.
  5. ^ Roux 1990, p. 155.
  6. ^ a b Jacobsen 1939a, pp. 96–99.
  7. ^ a b c Lafont 2018.
  8. ^ Waddell 1929, pp. 88–101.
  9. ^ Goetze 1970.
  10. ^ Hilprecht 2016, p. 49.
  11. ^ Cohen 1973a.
  12. ^ Cohen 1973b.
  13. ^ Hamblin 2006, p. 239.
  14. ^ a b c d Academia.edu 2021f.
  15. ^ Jacobsen 1939b.
  16. ^ Academia.edu 2021d.
  17. ^ Lendering 2006a.
  18. ^ Academia.edu 2021l.
  19. ^ Legrain 1922.
  20. ^ Hinz 2009.
  21. ^ Majidzadeh 2008.
  22. ^ Majidzadeh 1997.
  23. ^ Vallat 2011.

Sources

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Bibliography

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Journals
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  • Cohen, S. (1973a). Zólyomi, G.; Robson, E.; Cunningham, G.; Ebeling, J. (eds.). "Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta". ETCSL. Translated by Jacobsen, T.; Krecher, J. United Kingdom: Oxford.
  • Cohen, S. (1973b). Zólyomi, G.; Black, J.; Robson, E.; Cunningham, G.; Ebeling, J. (eds.). "Enmerkar and En-suhgir-ana". ETCSL. Translated by Berlin, A.; Cooper, J.; Krecher, J.; Vanstiphout, W.; Jacobsen, T.; Pettinato, G.; Katz, D.; Tournay, R.; Shaffer, A.; George, A. United Kingdom: Oxford.
  • Lendering, J. (2006a). "Sumerian King List". Livius.org. Netherlands: Livius Onderwijs.
  • Lendering, J. (2006b). Millard, A.; Hallo, W.; Glassner, J. (eds.). "Weidner Chronicle". Livius.org. Translated by Grayson, A. Netherlands: Livius Onderwijs.
  • Lendering, J. (2006c) [c. 769—201 BC]. Finkel, I.; Glassner, J. (eds.). "ABC 18 (Dynastic Chronicle)". Livius.org. Translated by Grayson, A. Netherlands: Livius Onderwijs (published 1975–2004). Archived from the original on 2019-01-15. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
  • Jacobsen, T. (1939b) [c. 2025–165 BC]. Zólyomi, G.; Black, J.; Robson, E.; Cunningham, G.; Ebeling, J. (eds.). "Sumerian King List". ETCSL. Translated by Glassner, J.; Römer, W.; Zólyomi, G. (revised ed.). United Kingdom: Oxford.
  • Lafont, B. (2018-11-11) [2008]. Dahl, J.; Englund, B.; Firth, R.; Gombert, B. (eds.). "Rulers of Mesopotamia". cdliwiki: Educational pages of the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (published 2008–2018).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  • Langdon, S. (1923). "W-B 444". CDLI. Ashmolean Museum.
  • Lendering, J. (2006). "Sumerian King List".
Further reading
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Geography
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Language
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Category:Former populated places in Iraq

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