Jump to content

User:4hubb/Precision-guided munition

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Article Draft

[edit]

Lead

[edit]

A precision-guided munition (PGM), also called a smart weapon, smart munition, or smart bomb, is munition with an active guidance system intended to hit a specific target, to minimize collateral damage and increase lethality against intended targets. During the Persian Gulf War guided munitions accounted for only 9% of weapons fired but accounted for 75% of all successful hits. Despite guided weapons generally being used on more difficult targets, they were still 35 times more likely to destroy their targets per weapon dropped.

Because the damage effects of explosive weapons decrease with distance due to an inverse cube law, even modest improvements in accuracy (hence reduction in miss distance) enable a target to be attacked with fewer or smaller bombs. Thus, even if some guided bombs miss, fewer air crews are put at risk and the harm to civilians and the amount of collateral damage may be reduced.

The advent of precision-guided munitions resulted in the renaming of older, low-technology bombs as "unguided bombs", "dumb bombs", or "iron bombs".

Types

[edit]

Recognizing the difficulty of hitting moving ships during the Spanish Civil War, the Germans were first to develop steerable munitions, using radio control or wire guidance. The U.S. tested TV-guided (GB-4), semi-active radar-guided (Bat), and infrared-guided (Felix) weapons.

Inertial-guided

[edit]

[edit] The CBU-107 Passive Attack Weapon is an air-dropped guided bomb containing metal penetrator rods of various sizes. It was designed to attack targets where an explosive effect may be undesirable, such as fuel storage tanks or chemical weapon stockpiles in civilian areas.

Radio-controlled

[edit]

[edit] Main article: Command guidance

The Germans were first to introduce PGMs in combat, with KG 100 deploying the 3,100 lb (1,400 kg) MCLOS-guidance Fritz X armored glide bomb, guided by the Kehl-Straßburg radio guidance system, to successfully attack the Italian battleship Roma in 1943, and the similarly Kehl-Straßburg MCLOS-guided Henschel Hs 293 rocket-boosted glide bomb (also in use since 1943, but only against lightly armored or unarmored ship targets).

The closest Allied equivalents, both unpowered designs, were the 1,000 lb (450 kg) VB-1 AZON (from "AZimuth ONly" control), used in both Europe and the CBI theater, and the US Navy's Bat, primarily used in the Pacific Theater of World War II — the Navy's Bat was more advanced than either German PGM ordnance design or the USAAF's VB-1 AZON, in that it had its own on board, autonomous radar seeker system to direct it to a target. In addition, the U.S. tested the rocket-propelled Gargoyle, which never entered service. Japanese PGMs—with the exception of the anti-ship air-launched, rocket-powered, human-piloted Yokosuka MXY-7 Ohka, "Kamikaze" flying bomb did not see combat in World War II.

Prior to the war, the British experimented with radio-controlled remotely guided planes laden with explosives, such as Larynx. The United States Army Air Forces used similar techniques with Operation Aphrodite, but had few successes; the German Mistel (Mistletoe) "parasite aircraft" was no more effective, guided by the human pilot flying the single-engined fighter mounted above the unmanned, explosive-laden twin-engined "flying bomb" below it, released in the Mistel's attack dive from the fighter.

The U.S. programs restarted in the Korean War. In the 1960s, the electro-optical bomb (or camera bomb) was reintroduced. They were equipped with television cameras and flare sights, by which the bomb would be steered until the flare superimposed the target. The camera bombs transmitted a "bomb's eye view" of the target back to a controlling aircraft. An operator in this aircraft then transmitted control signals to steerable fins fitted to the bomb. Such weapons were used increasingly by the USAF in the last few years of the Vietnam War because the political climate was increasingly intolerant of civilian casualties, and because it was possible to strike difficult targets (such as bridges) effectively with a single mission; the Thanh Hoa Bridge, for instance, was attacked repeatedly with iron bombs, to no effect, only to be dropped in one mission with PGMs.

Although not as popular as the newer JDAM and JSOW weapons, or even the older laser-guided bomb systems, weapons like the AGM-62 Walleye TV guided bomb are still being used, in conjunction with the AAW-144 Data Link Pod, on US Navy F/A-18 Hornets.

Infrared-guided/electro-optical

[edit]

[edit] Main article: Infrared homing

In World War II, the U.S. National Defense Research Committee developed the VB-6 Felix, which used infrared to home on ships. While it entered production in 1945, it was never employed operationally. The first successful electro optical guided munition was the AGM-62 Walleye during the Vietnam war. It was a family of large glide bombs which could automatically track targets using contrast differences in the video feed. The original concept was created by engineer Norman Kay while tinkering with televisions as a hobby. It was based on a device which could track objects on a television screen and place a "blip" on them to indicate where it was aiming. The first test of the weapon on 29 January 1963 was a success, with the weapon making a direct hit on the target. It served successfully for three decades until the 1990s.

The Raytheon Maverick is the most common electro optical guided missile. As a heavy anti-tank missile it has among its various marks guidance systems such as electro-optical (AGM-65A), imaging infrared (AGM-65D), and laser homing (AGM-65E). The first two, by guiding themselves based on the visual or IR scene of the target, are fire-and-forget in that the pilot can release the weapon and it will guide itself to the target without further input, which allows the delivery aircraft to manoeuvre to escape return fire. The Pakistani NESCOM H-2 MUPSOW and H-4 MUPSOW is an electro-optical (IR imaging and television guided) is a drop and forget precision-guided glide bomb. The Israeli Elbit Opher is also an IR imaging "drop and forget" guided bomb that has been reported to be considerably cheaper than laser-homing bombs and can be used by any aircraft, not requiring specialized wiring for a laser designator or for another aircraft to illuminate the target. During NATO's air campaign in 1999 in Kosovo the new Italian AF AMX employed the Opher.

Laser-guided

[edit]

[edit] Main article: Laser-guided bomb

In 1962, the US Army began research into laser guidance systems and by 1967 the USAF had conducted a competitive evaluation leading to full development of the world's first laser-guided bomb, the BOLT-117, in 1968. All such bombs work in much the same way, relying on the target being illuminated, or "painted," by a laser target designator on the ground or on an aircraft. They have the significant disadvantage of not being usable in poor weather where the target illumination cannot be seen, or where a target designator cannot get near the target. The laser designator sends its beam in a coded series of pulses so the bomb cannot be confused by an ordinary laser, and also so multiple designators can operate in reasonable proximity.

Originally the project began as a surface to air missile seeker developed by Texas Instruments. When Texas Instruments executive Glenn E. Penisten attempted to sell the new technology to the Air Force they inquired if it could instead be used as a ground attack system to overcome problems they were having with accuracy of bombing in Vietnam. After 6 attempts the weapon improved accuracy from 148 to 10 ft (50 to 3 m) and greatly exceeded the design requirements. The system was sent to Vietnam and performed well. Without the existence of targeting pods they had to be aimed using a hand held laser from the back seat of an F-4 Phantom aircraft, but still performed well. Eventually over 28,000 were dropped during the war.

Laser-guided weapons did not become commonplace until the advent of the microchip. They made their practical debut in Vietnam, where on 13 May 1972 they were used in the second successful attack on the Thanh Hóa Bridge ("Dragon's Jaw"). This structure had previously been the target of 800 American sorties (using unguided weapons) and was partially destroyed in each of two successful attacks, the other being on 27 April 1972 using AGM-62 Walleyes.

They were used, though not on a large scale, by the British forces during the 1982 Falklands War. The first large-scale use of smart weapons came in the early 1990s during Operation Desert Storm when they were used by coalition forces against Iraq. Even so, most of the air-dropped ordnance used in that war was "dumb," although the percentages are biased by the large use of various (unguided) cluster bombs. Laser-guided weapons were used in large numbers during the 1999 Kosovo War, but their effectiveness was often reduced by the poor weather conditions prevalent in the southern Balkans.

  • Paveway is a series of laser-guided bombs made in the United States. Paveway II 500 lb (230 kg) LGBs (such as GBU-12) are a cheaper lightweight precision-guided munition (PGM) suitable for use against vehicles and other small targets, while a Paveway III 2,000 lb (910 kg) penetrator (such as GBU-24) is a more expensive weapon with improved aerodynamic efficiency suitable for use against high-value targets. GBU-12s were used to great effect in the first Gulf War, dropped from F-111F aircraft to destroy Iraqi armored vehicles in a process informally referred to by pilots as "tank plinking."
  • AGM-123 Skipper II was a short-range laser-guided missile developed by the United States Navy. The Skipper was intended as an anti-ship weapon, capable of disabling the largest vessels with a 1,000 lb (450 kg) impact-fuzed warhead.
It was composed of a Mark 83 bomb fitted with a Paveway guidance kit and two Mk 78 solid propellant rockets that fire upon launch.
The notable novelty is that the system does not use aerodynamic flight control (e.g. tail fins), but impulse steering with mini-thrusters. It has been dubbed as the Russian concept of impulse corrections (RCIC).
  • The Roketsan Cirit is a Turkish laser guided missile.
  • The Griffin Laser Guided Bomb (Griffin LGB) is a laser-guided bomb system made by Israel Aerospace Industries' MBT missile division. It is an add-on kit which is used to retrofit existing Mark 82, Mark 83, and Mark 84 and other "dumb fire" gravity bombs, making them into laser-guided smart bombs (with the option of GPS guidance). Initial development completed in 1990.
  • Cirit is a 2.8 in (70 mm) guided missile system fitted with a semi-active laser homing seeker. The seeker and guidance section is attached to a purpose-built warhead with a Class 5 Insensitive Munition (IM). The multipurpose warhead has a combined armour-piercing ammunition with enhanced behind armor anti-personnel and incendiary effects. The engine is of reduced smoke design, with IM properties. It is connected to the rear section by a roll bearing that enables it to rotate in flight. There are four small stabilising surfaces at the very rear of the missile in front of the exhaust nozzle that ensures stable flight. Roketsan has developed a new launch pod and a new canister in which Cirit is delivered as an all-up round. The Cirit has a maximum effective guided range of 5.0 mi (8 km) with a high probability of hit on a 9.8 ft × 9.8 ft (3 m × 3 m) target at this range.

Radar-guided

[edit]

[edit] Main article: radar guidance

The Lockheed-Martin Hellfire II light-weight anti-tank weapon in one mark uses the radar on the Boeing AH-64D Apache Longbow to provide fire-and-forget guidance for that weapon.

Satellite-guided

[edit]

[edit] Main article: Satellite navigation systems

Lessons learned during the first Gulf War showed the value of precision munitions, yet they also highlighted the difficulties in employing them—specifically when visibility of the ground or target from the air was degraded. The problem of poor visibility does not affect satellite-guided weapons such as Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) and Joint Stand-Off Weapon (JSOW), which make use of the United States' GPS system for guidance. This weapon can be employed in all weather conditions, without any need for ground support. Because it is possible to jam GPS, the guidance package reverts to inertial navigation in the event of GPS signal loss. Inertial navigation is significantly less accurate; the JDAM achieves a published Circular Error Probable (CEP) of 43 ft (13 m) under GPS guidance, but typically only 98 ft (30 m) under inertial guidance (with free fall times of 100 seconds or less).

The Griffin conversion kit consists of a front "seeker" section and a set of steerable tailplanes. The resulting guided munition features "trajectory shaping", which allows the bomb to fall along a variety of trajectories – from a shallow angle to a vertical top attack profile. IAI publishes a circular error probable figure for the weapon of 5 metres.
  • The GBU-57A/B Massive Ordnance Penetrator (MOP) is a U.S. Air Force, precision-guided, 30,000-pound (14,000 kg) "bunker buster" bomb. This is substantially larger than the deepest penetrating bunker busters previously available, the 5,000-pound (2,300 kg) GBU-28 and GBU-37.
  • The SMKB (Smart-MK-Bomb) is a Brazilian guidance kit that turns a standard 500-pound (230 kg) Mk 82 or 1,000-pound (450 kg) Mk 83 into a precision-guided weapon, respectively called SMKB-82 and SMKB-83. The kit provides extended range up to 31 mi (50 km) and are guided by an integrated inertial guidance system coupled to three satellites networks (GPS, Galileo and GLONASS), relying on wireless to handle the flow of data between the aircraft and the munition.
  • FT PGB is a family of Chinese satellite and Inertial, guided munitions.
  • LS PGB is a family of Chinese GPS+INS or laser guided munitions.

The precision of these weapons is dependent both on the precision of the measurement system used for location determination and the precision in setting the coordinates of the target. The latter critically depends on intelligence information, not all of which is accurate. According to a CIA report, the accidental United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade during Operation Allied Force by NATO aircraft was attributed to faulty target information. However, if the targeting information is accurate, satellite-guided weapons are significantly more likely to achieve a successful strike in any given weather conditions than any other type of precision-guided munition.

Advanced guidance concepts

[edit]

[edit] Responding to after-action reports from pilots who employed laser or satellite guided weapons, Boeing developed a Laser JDAM (LJDAM) to provide both types of guidance in a single kit. Based on the existing Joint Direct Attack Munition configurations, a laser guidance package is added to a GPS/INS-guided weapon to increase its overall accuracy. Raytheon has developed the Enhanced Paveway family, which adds GPS/INS guidance to their Paveway family of laser-guidance packages. These "hybrid" laser and GPS guided weapons permit the carriage of fewer weapons types, while retaining mission flexibility, because these weapons can be employed equally against moving and fixed targets, or targets of opportunity. For instance, a typical weapons load on an F-16 flying in the Iraq War included a single 2,000-pound (910 kg) JDAM and two 1,000-pound (450 kg) LGBs. With LJDAM, and the new GBU-39 Small Diameter Bomb (SDB), these same aircraft can carry more bombs if necessary, and have the option of satellite or laser guidance for each weapon release.

The U.S. Navy leads development for a new 155 mm (6.1 in) artillery round called Moving Target Artillery Round, capable of destroying moving targets in GPS-denied environments". The Office of Naval Research (ONR), the Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division (NSWC Dahlgren), and the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) have been coordinating MTAR, with final development scheduled for 2019.
Key features of the MTAR shell include extended range against moving targets, precision guidance and navigation without GPS, subsystem modularity, subsystem maturity, weapon system compatibility, restricted altitude, all-weather capability, reduced time of flight, and affordability. The new munition is intended for the Army or Marine Corps M777A1 howitzer, the M109A6 Paladin, and M109A7 Paladin Integrated Management (PIM) self-propelled 155 mm (6.1 in) artillery systems. The shell also would be for the Navy's Advanced Gun System (AGS) aboard the Zumwalt-class destroyer, and other future naval gun systems.
  • Precision Guidance Kit – Modernization (PGK-M)
The U.S. Army is planning for GPS-denied environments with the new Precision Guidance Kit – Modernization (PGK-M). An enhancement of previous technologies, PGK-M will give U.S. forces the ability to continue launching precision strikes when GPS is compromised by the enemy.
Picatinny Arsenal engineers are leading the development of a GPS alternative using image navigation for precision guidance of munitions, under the Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center (ARDEC). Other research partners include Draper Labs, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Air Force Research Laboratory and the Aviation and Missile Research, Development, and Engineering Center.
The enhanced munition can navigate to a desired location, through a reference image used by the technology to reach the target. The PGK-M includes a collection of ad hoc software programmable radio networks, various kinds of wave-relay connectivity technologies and navigational technology.
  • PBK-500U Drel is a Russian guided jamming-resistant stealth glide bomb.

Cannon and mortar-launched guided projectiles

[edit]

[edit] Main article: Cannon-launched guided projectile

A cannon-launched guided projectile (CLGP), is fired from artillery, ship's cannon, or armored vehicles. Several agencies and organizations sponsored the CLGP programs. The United States Navy sponsored the Deadeye program, a laser-guided shell for its 5 in (127 mm) guns and a program to mate a Paveway guidance system to an 8 in (203 mm) shell for the 8"/55 caliber Mark 71 gun in the 1970s (Photo). Other Navy efforts include the BTERM, ERGM, and LRLAP shells.

STRIX is fired like a conventional mortar round. The round contains an infrared imaging sensor that it uses to guide itself onto any tank or armoured fighting vehicle in the vicinity where it lands. The seeker is designed to ignore targets that are already burning.

Guided small arms

[edit]

[edit] Main article: Precision-guided firearm

Precision-guided small arms prototypes have been developed which use a laser designator to guide an electronically actuated bullet to a target. Another system in development uses a laser range finder to trigger an explosive small arms shell in proximity to a target. The U.S. Army plans to use such devices in the future.

In 2008 the EXACTO program began under DARPA to develop a "fire and forget" smart sniper rifle system including a guided smart bullet and improved scope. The exact technologies of this smart bullet have not been released. EXACTO was test fired in 2014 and 2015 and results showing the bullet altered course to correct its path to its target were released.

In 2012 Sandia National Laboratories announced a self-guided bullet prototype that could track a target illuminated with a laser designator. The bullet is capable of updating its position 30 times a second and hitting targets over a mile away.

In mid-2016, Russia revealed it was developing a similar "smart bullet" weapon designed to hit targets at a distance of up to 6 mi (10 km).

Pike is a precision-guided mini-missile fired from an underslung grenade launcher.

Air burst grenade launchers are a type of precision-guided weapons. Such grenade launchers can preprogram their grenades using a fire-control system to explode in the air above or beside the enemy.

References

[edit]

Martin, G. (2024, June). Are FPV drones the new precision guided munitions? Asia-Pacific Defence Reporter, 50(4), 22–25.

Guy Martin examines FPV drones as affordable alternatives to traditional precision-guided munitions. He discusses their tactical advantages, such as real-time maneuverability and improved precision, as well as ethical considerations.

Santora, M., & Hicks, T. (2024, August 28). Guided Glide Bombs Are Terrifyingly Effective at Raining Havoc. The New York Times.

Marc Santora and Tyler Hicks examine the precision and destructive impact of guided glide bombs, highlighting their strategic advantages and ethical implications in modern warfare.

Skove, S. (2024, April 28). Another US precision-guided weapon falls prey to Russian electronic warfare, US says. Defense One. https://www.defenseone.com/threats/2024/04/another-us-precision-guided-weapon-falls-prey-russian-electronic-warfare-us-says/396141/

Sam Skove reports on the susceptibility of U.S. precision-guided munitions to Russian electronic warfare tactics in Ukraine. Skove details how Russian forces are increasingly able to disrupt and neutralize these advanced weapons, raising concerns about the limitations of U.S. technology in contested environments. This article highlights evolving electronic warfare capabilities and their implications for military strategy.

Voskuijl, M. (2022). Performance analysis and design of loitering munitions: A comprehensive technical survey of recent developments. Defence Technology, 18(3), 325–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2021.08.010

An in-depth review of the advancements in loitering munition technology. The article covers various design aspects, performance metrics, and operational capabilities and the strategic advantages these systems offer in modern warfare. Voskuijl also examines challenges and future trends, making this survey a valuable resource for understanding the evolving landscape of loitering munitions in military applications.

Lockheed Martin’s shadow Hawk munition launched from shadow UAS for the first time. (2005, May 1). PR Newswire US. https://research-ebsco-com.uno.idm.oclc.org/c/wyx2mr/viewer/html/5xdqjykywb

Report on the successful test launch of Lockheed Martin's Shadow Hawk munition from the Shadow unmanned aircraft system (UAS). This milestone demonstrates the enhanced capabilities of integrating loitering munitions with UAS platforms, underscoring advancements in precision strike technology.

Wenyuan, Z., Sheng, L., Jun, W., Jian, Z., & Yanfang, C. (2023). Development and prospect of intelligent Air-to-Ground precision strike munition. Journal of Physics Conference Series, 2460(1), 012169. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2460/1/012169

Wenyuan Zhang, Sheng Li, Jun Wu, Jian Zhang, and Yanfang Chen look at advancements in intelligent air-to-ground munitions designed for precision strikes. The authors discuss innovative technologies enhancing targeting accuracy, decision-making capabilities, and overall operational effectiveness. Additionally, the paper examines future trends and potential applications in military strategy, providing insights into the evolution of precision strike systems in contemporary warfare.

Zhang, X., Mi, C., Wu, X., Che, F., Zhang, H., & Luo, G. (2022, November 17). A test, launch and control system for ground launched loitering munition. 6th International Conference on Measurement Instrumentation and Electronics, Hangzhou, China. https://doi.org/10.1109/icmie55541.2022.10048654

Xin Zhang, Changwei Mi, Xu Wu, and Fengzhu Che present a novel system designed for the testing, launching, and control of ground-launched loitering munitions. The authors detail the system's architecture, functionality, and technological innovations aimed at improving operational effectiveness and precision. This paper highlights the importance of advanced control mechanisms in enhancing the performance of loitering munitions, contributing valuable insights into their deployment in military applications.

Kahn, L., & Horowitz, M. C. (2022). Who gets Smart? Explaining how precision bombs proliferate. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 67(1), 3–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220027221111143

Lauren Kahn and Michael C. Horowitz analyze the factors contributing to the global spread of precision-guided munitions. The authors investigate the political, technological, and strategic dynamics that influence nations' access to and development of precision bombs. Through a comprehensive examination of case studies, the paper offers insights into the implications of this proliferation for international security and conflict, emphasizing the challenges and opportunities posed by advanced military technology in contemporary warfare.

Zhang, Z., Li, J., Yang, Y., Yang, C., & Mao, R. (2020). Research on Speed scheme for precise attack of miniature loitering munition. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2020, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4963738

Zhidong Zhang, Jie Li, Yachao Yang, and Chengwei Yang present a mathematical model to optimize the speed of loitering munitions for precision attacks. The study focuses on improving the munition’s responsiveness and accuracy by adjusting speed control mechanisms in dynamic combat scenarios. This research provides insights into enhancing the precision and effectiveness of loitering munitions in tactical applications.

Precision in the skies: the evolution of loitering munitions. (n.d.). https://www.defensemirror.com/feature/89/Precision_in_the_Skies__The_Evolution_of_Loitering_Munitions

The piece traces the evolution of these weapons from their inception to their current capabilities, highlighting their precision, flexibility, and strategic advantages in modern warfare. It also examines various operational scenarios where loitering munitions have been effectively utilized, emphasizing their impact on military tactics and overall battlefield effectiveness. The article provides valuable insights into the future potential of loitering munitions in defense operations.

Zampronha, D., & Albuquerque, A. (2024). Cheaper Precision Weapons: An Exploratory Study about the HESA Shahed 136. Advances in Aerospace Science and Technology, 09(01), 40–59. https://doi.org/10.4236/aast.2024.91004

Daniel Zampronha and Aline Albuquerque analyze the cost-effectiveness and operational capabilities of the HESA Shahed 136 loitering munition. The authors provide a detailed examination of its design, deployment, and impact on modern warfare, highlighting how its affordability makes precision warfare more accessible to various military forces. The study underscores the strategic implications of integrating such low-cost precision weapons into combat operations and their potential effects on global security dynamics.

Lancet Loitering Munition System, Russia. (2024, September 12). Army Technology. https://www.army-technology.com/projects/lancet-loitering-munition-system-russia/

provides an overview of the Lancet loitering munition developed by Russia. It discusses the system's design features, operational capabilities, and potential applications in modern warfare. The article highlights the Lancet's ability to conduct precision strikes against ground targets while providing insights into its role within the Russian military's broader strategy. Additionally, it examines the implications of such advanced munitions on the dynamics of conflict and the evolving landscape of aerial warfare.

PADALINO, A. (2024). The army needs to quickly adapt to tactical drone warfare. Infantry, 113(2).

Anthony R. Padalino emphasizes the urgent need for the U.S. Army to evolve its strategies and capabilities in response to the growing prominence of tactical drones on the battlefield. The article discusses the advantages and challenges associated with integrating drone technology into military operations, highlighting the necessity for updated training, tactics, and equipment.

Killer drones pioneered in Ukraine are the weapons of the future. (2024, February 8). Economist. https://www.economist.com/leaders/2024/02/08/killer-drones-pioneered-in-ukraine-are-the-weapons-of-the-future

This article explores the significant role of drone technology in the ongoing conflict in Ukraine, highlighting its transformative impact on modern warfare. The piece discusses how both sides have effectively utilized drones for surveillance, reconnaissance, and precision strikes, showcasing the evolving nature of combat. It argues that the success of these unmanned systems in Ukraine may signal a shift in military strategy globally, with implications for future conflicts and defense planning. The article underscores the need for military forces to adapt to this new era of warfare characterized by the increasing reliance on drone technology.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:4hubb/Precision-guided_munition&oldid=1255034555"