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User:21.Andromedae/Smallest stars

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This is a list of the smallest known stars, brown dwarfs and stellar remnants, sorted by increasing size. The list is divided into sublists, and contain stars up to 350,000 km in radius, or 0.50 R☉.

This is a work-in-progress and may take over a year to complete.

0 to 1,000 km

[edit]
Star name Star radius, kilometres Star radius, 10−5 R☉ Star class Notes References
SGR J1935+2154 4.35+1.95
−1.35 		0.625+0.208
−0.194 		Magnetar [1]
RX J0720.4−3125 4.50+0.08
−0.09 – 5.38+0.13
−0.14 		Neutron star [2]
Hercules X-1 8.10±0.41 Pulsar [3]
Centaurus X-3 9.178±0.130 [3]
Vela X-1 9.56±0.0 [3]
GW170817 A 11.9±0.4 [3]
GW170817 B 11.9±0.4 [3]
4U 1702−429 12.4±0.4 1.782±0.057 Neutron star [4]
PSR J0740+6620 13.02±1.24 Pulsar [3]
PSR J0348+0432 13±2 [3]

1,000 to 50,000 km

[edit]
Star name Star radius, kilometres Star radius, R☉ Star class Notes References
HD 49798 1,604 0.002306 White dwarf [5]
ZTF J1901+1458 2,140 0.001538+0.000115
−0.000165 		The most massive white dwarf so far discovered, around 1.3 times more massive than the Sun, close to the mass limit of any white dwarf (the Chandrasekhar limit),[6] and is also a candidate white dwarf pulsar.[7] [6]
Sirius B 5,634 0.008098 Historically first discovered white dwarf, and the closest example to Earth. [8]
LP 658-2 6,778 0.0097 [9]
Gliese 915 6,879 0.0099 ± 0.0006 [10]
TMTS J052610.43+593445.1 A 7,650 0.011 [11]
G 99-47 7,680 0.011 [9]
van Maanen 2 7,860 0.01129 ± 0.00066 [10]
G 107-70 B 8,224 0.0118 [9]
Ross 548
(ZZ Ceti) 		8,209 0.0118±0.0002 [12]
Gliese 440 8,551 0.0123 ± 0.0009 [10]
GD 165 A 8,627 0.0124±0.0003 [9]
WD 0806−661 8,860 0.0127 Has one confirmed exoplanet. [9]
Epsilon Reticuli B 8,975–9,809 0.0129–0.0141 [13]
G 29-38 8,975 0.0129 [10]
40 Eridani B 9,100 0.01308±0.0002 [14]
HD 147513 B 9,144 0.0131 [10]
GD 358
(V777 Herculis) 		9,170 0.0132 [15]
GALEX J2339–0424 9,253 0.0133±0.0008 [16]
G 107-70 A 9,412 0.0135 [9]
WD 1032+011 A 10,230 0.0147±0.0013 [17]
Gliese 318 10,300 0.0148 [10]
Central star of the Helix Nebula 17,390 0.025±0.001 [18]
WD 0032−317 A 18,510 0.0266±0.0012 [19]
ZTF J1406+1422 B 20,180 0.029 Brown dwarf A highly-irradiated brown dwarf with an orbital period of 62 minutes and a dayside surface temperature of 10,462 K,[20] comparable to A-type stars such as Vega and Sirius. [20]
Regulus Ab 42,440 0.061±0.011 White dwarf [21]
TMTS J052610.43+593445.1 B 45,990 0.0661±0.0054 Subdwarf B star Smallest known hydrogen-burning star. [11]
WISEA 1810−1010 46,610 0.067+0.032
−0.02 		Brown dwarf [22]

50,000 to 125,000 km

[edit]
Star name Star radius, kilometres Star radius, R☉ Star class Notes References
SCR 1845-6357 B 50,000 0.0719±0.01 Brown dwarf [23]
DENIS 0255-4700 53,986 0.0776 [24]
LP 40-365 54,265 0.078+0.040
−0.020 		White dwarf A white dwarf that might have formed in a type Iax supernova. Range of values of 40,350 to 82,095 km [25]
WD 0032−317 B 54,890 0.0789+0.0085
−0.0083 		Brown dwarf A highly-irradiated brown dwarf with a dayside temperature hotter than the surface of Sun. Its dayside temperature measures 7,900 K (7,630 °C), while its nightside is much cooler, at 1,970 K (1,700 °C). [19]
Epsilon Indi Ba 55,700 0.08–0.081 [26]
WISE J0623-0456 55,800 or 79,400 0.0802+0.0175
−0.0134[27] or 0.1141±0.0144[28]
LHS 6343 C 56,340 0.08098±0.00442 [29]
Epsilon Indi Bb 57,050 0.082–0.083 [26]
54 Piscium B 57,900 0.0832±0.0021 [27]
Wolf 1130 C 58,600 0.0843 [30]
EBLM J0555-57Ab 58,720 0.0844+0.0131
−0.006 		Red dwarf Smallest known red dwarf. [31]
Scholz's Star B 58,770 0.08447+0.0015
−0.0016 		Brown dwarf A nearby star that passed trough the Solar System's Oort cloud 80,000 years ago. [32]
EPIC 201702477b [fr] 59,340 0.0853±0.0041 [33]
Luhman 16 A 60,050 0.0863 Nearest brown dwarf to Earth, together with is binary companion Luhman 16 B. [34]
GJ 1245 C 60,530 0.087±0.004 Red dwarf [35]
SSSPM J0829-1309 61,220 0.088±0.003 An L2 dwarf that is fusing hydrogen. SSSPM J0829-1309 is one of the least luminous and massive hydrogen-fusing stars, and is smaller than Jupiter. [36][37]
HD 63754 B 61,500–67,900 0.0884–0.0976 Brown dwarf Among the most massive brown dwarfs. [38]
HD 72946 B 61,500 0.0884 [39]
Gliese 229 Ba 61,810 0.089 ± 0.006 [40][a]
Gliese 229 Bb 63,400 0.091 ± 0.006 [40][a]
WISE 0855-0714 63,517 0.0913 Likely a sub-brown dwarf. It is the coolest known brown dwarf, as well as the fourth-nearest star system to the Solar System. [41][b]
Gliese 570 D 63,629 0.09146+0.0051
−0.0041 		[27]
2MASS 0243−2453 64,004–73,744 0.092–0.106 [42]
2MASS J0348-6022 64,700 0.093+0.016
−0.010 		[43]
WISE 0146+4234 A 65,270 0.0938+0.0024
−0.0026 		[44]
SCR 1845-6357 A 65,600 0.0943 Red dwarf [24]
WISE 0146+4234 B 65,670 0.9944+0.0035
−0.0015 		[44]
SDSS J1416+1348 A 65,700 0.0945±0.0082 Brown dwarf [45]
47 Ophiuchi C 66,500 0.0956±0.001 [28]
2MASS 0937+2931 67,200 0.0966±0.0164 [46]
2MASS J1047+21 67,200 0.0966±0.0164 [46]
CoRoT-15b 67,200 0.0966±0.0123 [33]
SDSS J1416+1348 B 67,200 0.0966±0.0164 [45]
TVLM 513-46546 67,480—75,830 0.097–0.109 Has one known exoplanet. [47]
CWISEP J1935-1546 67,900 0.0976±0.0143 [48]
Eta Coronae Borealis C 67,900 0.0976±0.0031 [28]
WISE 2150-7520 B 67,900 0.0976±0.0164 [49]
LHS 1070 C 68,180 0.098 Certainly a brown dwarf based on its mass.[50] [51]
WASP-30B 68,670 0.0987±0.0031 [33]
WASP-128B 68,670 0.0987±0.0021 [33]
HD 33632 Ab 69,350 0.997 [52]
2MASS J0407+1546 69,570 0.100+0.024
−0.008 		[43]
2MASS J1219+3128 69,600 0.100+0.027
−0.013 		[43]
HD 114762 B 69,600 0.100 Red dwarf [53]
EBLM J0954-23 70,266 0.101±0.017 [31]
KOI-189 B 70,474–71,796 0.1013–0.1032 [54]
Scholz's Star A 70,900 0.1019+0.0006
−0.0007 		A nearby star that passed trough the Solar System's Oort cloud 80,000 years ago. [32]
15 Sagittae B 71,492 0.1028±0.0411 Brown dwarf [55]
GD 165 B 71,492 0.1028±0.008 [46]
LHS 1070 B 72,350 0.104 Likely a brown dwarf based on its mass.[50] [51]
WD 1032+011 B 73,190 0.1052±0.01 A brown dwarf orbiting a white dwarf with an extremely low orbital period of 0.09 days (2.2 hours), both being tidally locked to each other.[17] [17]
WISE 2150-7520 A 73,610 0.1058±0.0062 [49]
Ross 614 B 74,100 ~0.107 Red dwarf [56]
Luhman 16 B 74,370 0.1069 Brown dwarf Nearest brown dwarf to Earth, together with is binary companion Luhman 16 B. [57]
LHS 2924 74,440 0.107 Red dwarf Was the smallest known star at its discovery. [58]
DENIS J1048−3956 75,140 0.108 [59]
VZ Piscium B 75,760 0.1089±0.0041 A very low-mass star with 7.9–8.5% the solar mass and a cool spectral type M9.[60] Also called NLTT 56936 B[60] or HIP 115819 B[61] [28]
Kepler-39b 76,500 0.11±0.0031 Brown dwarf Kepler-39 rotates rapidly with a rotation period of 1.6 hours and hence has an oblate shape, with its equator length being 22% larger than the poles.[62] [33]
CoRoT-3b 77,220 0.111±0.0051 [33]
KOI-607b 77,850 0.1119±0.0091 Red dwarf [63]
KELT-1B 80,770 0.1161±0.0031 Brown dwarf [33]
LHS 2065 78,610 0.113±0.006 Red dwarf [64]
2MASS J0523−1403 80,500 0.1157±0.0065 Among the least massive stars known. [24]
LHS 292 80,980 0.1164±0.0044 Not to be confused with LHS 2924 (see above) [24]
WISE 1405+5534 82,220 0.1182±0.0021 Brown dwarf [65]
vB 10 82,300 0.1183+0.0059
−0.0057 		Red dwarf [64]
2M1540 82,790 0.119 [66][c]
TRAPPIST-1 82,927 0.1192±0.0013 Hosts a planetary system with seven known planets. [67]
OGLE-TR-122B 83,480 0.120+0.024
−0.013 		Was the smallest known star from 2005 to 2013. [68]
Teegarden's Star 83,480 0.120±0.012 Has three confirmed exoplanets. [69]
G 196-3 B 84,400 0.1213±0.00719 Brown dwarf [28]
Königstuhl 1 B 84,400 0.1213±0.0021 [28]
vB 8 84,458 0.1214+0.006
−0.0057 		Red dwarf [64]
SPECULOOS-3 85,600 0.123±0.0022 Has one known exoplanet. [70]
2MASS 0122-2439 B 85,800 0.1233±0.021 [71]
DX Cancri 85,919 0.1235±0.0006 [24]
KOI-686 B 85,989–87,519 0.1236–0.1258 [54]
SCR J1546−5534 86,267 0.124±0.004 [72]
VHS J1256–1257b 87,200 0.125 Brown dwarf [73]
Gliese 412 B 87,797 0.1262±0.0054 Red dwarf [74]
AZ Cancri 88,630 0.1274±0.0195 [28]
AS Leonis Minoris B 90,400 – 355,000 0.13–0.51 White dwarf or Subdwarf B star AS Leonis Minoris is an eclipsing binary system made up of a luminous red giant (45–170 R☉) and a hot companion (AS LMi B). It has the longest period of any known eclipsing binary at 69 years. [75]
GJ 1245 B 90,400 0.13±0.007 Red dwarf [76]
Teide 1 93,711 0.1347+0.0123
−0.0077 		Brown dwarf [77]
Alpha Trianguli B 97,400 0.14 Red dwarf [78]
LHS 1070 A 97,400 0.14 [51]
HD 149382 99,485 0.143 Subdwarf B star [79]
EZ Aquarii A (Luyten 789-6 A) 99,485 0.143±0.022 Red dwarf [76]
EZ Aquarii B (Luyten 789-6 B) 99,485 0.143±0.022 [76]
Wolf 359 100,180 0.144±0.004 Fifth-nearest star system to Earth. [64]
DENIS-P J1058.7−1548 101,500 0.1459±0.001 Brown dwarf [28]
GJ 1245 A 101,570 0.146±0.007 Red dwarf [35]
Proxima Centauri 102,270 0.147±0.005 The nearest extrasolar star. Has two confirmed planets and one disputed [64]
LP 944-20 102,900 0.1479±0.0144 Brown dwarf Among the brightest brown dwarfs. [28]
Wolf 424 A 104,350 0.150±0.012 Red dwarf [76]
Wolf 424 B 104,350 0.150±0.012 [76]
NY Virginis A 105,050 0.151±0.001 Subdwarf B star [80]
GJ 1061 105,750 0.152±0.007 Red dwarf Has three confirmed exoplanets. [64]
Gliese 65 B (Luyten 726-8 B) 110,620 0.159±0.006 The Gliese 65 system may host a Neptune-mass planet. [81]
NY Virginis B 111,310 0.16 [82]
GL Virginis 111,520 0.1603±0.0053 [83]
TZ Arietis (GJ 9066) 112,010 0.161±0.014 Has one confirmed exoplanet. [76]
Gliese 65 A (Luyten 726-8 A) 114,790 0.165±0.006 The Gliese 65 system may host a Neptune-mass planet. [81]
Kepler-451 B 116,880 0.168±0.001 [84]
YZ Ceti 116,880 0.168±0.009 Has three known exoplanets. [85]
HR 858 B 118,000 0.17±0.04 [86]
LP 791-18 118,000 0.17±0.018 Has three known exoplanets. [87]
Xi Ursae Majoris Bb 118,000 0.17 [78]
HIP 81208 Cb 122,100 0.175 ± 0.009 Brown dwarf [88]
AB Doradus C 124,000 0.178 Red dwarf Among the least massive stars known. [89][d]
Gliese 22 B 124,530 0.179±0.009 [35]

125,000 to 200,000 km

[edit]

Partial list contaning stars from 0.18 to 0.287 R☉.

Star name Star radius, kilometres Star radius, R☉ Star class Notes References
HW Virginis A 127,310 0.183±0.026 Subdwarf B star [90]
HU Delphini A 128,010 0.184±0.004 Red dwarf [76]
Gliese 29 B 129,400 0.186±0.014 [72]
Ross 614 A 129,400 0.186±0.018 [76]
GJ 3323 129,540 0.1862±0.0059 Has two known exoplanets. [83]
Barnard's Star 130,100 0.187±0.001 Second-nearest star system to the Solar System. The star with the highest proper motion. [64]
Alpha Mensae B 132,180 0.19±0.01 [91]
GJ 1128 132,000 0.190±0.014 [76]
Ross 248
(HH Andromedae) 		132,180 0.19 [74]
Ross 128 (Gliese 447) 137,750 0.198±0.007 Has one confirmed exoplanet. [64]
Ross 154 (V1216 Sagittarii) 139,140 0.2±0.008 [64]
GJ 1062 140,530 0.202±0.012 Red subdwarf Another size estimates include 0.372±0.076 R☉ [92] and 0.411±0.051 R☉.[93] [94]
Kepler-70 141,230 0.203±0.007 Subdwarf B star Has two unconfirmed exoplanets. [95]
Kepler-451 A 141,230 0.203±0.001 Possibly has two exoplanets. [84]
GJ 1214 141,920 0.204+0.0085
−0.0084 		Red dwarf Has one known exoplanet. [64]
LHS 1140 142,620 0.205±0.008 Has two confirmed exoplanets. [64]
Ross 508 147,000 0.2113±0.0063 Has one known exoplanet. [96]
GJ 1132 149,580 0.215±0.009 [64]
QY Aurigae A 151,660 0.218±0.021 [76]
QY Aurigae B 151,660 0.218±0.021 [76]
Gliese 777 B 160,710 0.231±0.025 [76]
Eta Telescopii B 163,000 0.234±0.003 Brown dwarf [97]
CM Draconis B 164,880 0.237 Red dwarf [98]
Ross 47 165,580 0.238±0.009 [64]
Kepler-429 166,970 0.24 Subdwarf B star Has three unconfirmed exoplanets. [99]
2M1207 A 172,000 0.247+0.041
−0.082 		Brown dwarf [100]
PZ Telescopii B 173,900 0.25+0.03
−0.04 		[101]
CM Draconis A 174,620 0.251 Red dwarf [98]
Gliese 625 177,400 0.255±0.034 [102]
Gliese 12 182,060 0.2617+0.0058
−0.0070 		Has one confirmed exoplanet. [103]
HIP 79098 B 185,800 0.2672±0.0617 Brown dwarf [71]
Gliese 105 B 188,600 0.2711±0.0085 Red dwarf [83]
Mu Herculis C 189,930 0.273±0.032 [76]
Struve 2398 B 189,930 0.273±0.011 [74]
40 Eridani C 190,620 0.274±0.011 [74]
Gliese 402 197,580 0.284±0.011 [64]
GJ 3991 197,580 0.286±0.011 [64]

200,000 to 275,000 km

[edit]

Partial list containing stars from 0.29 to 0.395 solar radii.

Star name Star radius, kilometres Star radius, R☉ Star class Notes References
Mu Cassiopeiae Ab 201,800 0.29 Red dwarf [104]
AP Columbae 202,400 0.291±0.009 The nearest pre-main sequence star to Earth. [72]
Kapteyn's Star (VZ Pictoris) 202,450 0.291±0.025 Red subdwarf Closest halo star to the Sun. Previously believed to host an ancient planetary system with potential habitable planets. [105]
HN Librae 208,010 0.299±0.009 Red dwarf [106]
Gliese 581 210,100 0.302±0.005 Has three confirmed exoplanets. [107]
L 98-59 210,800 0.303+0.026
−0.023 		Has four confirmed exoplanets and one unconfirmed. [108]
EQ Pegasi B 210,800 0.303±0.013 [74]
Luyten's Star (Gliese 273) 221,930 0.319±0.004 Has two confirmed exoplanets and two unconfirmed. [64]
Wolf 1061 221,930 0.319±0.007 Has three confirmed exoplanets. [64]
GJ 3929 222,600 0.32±0.01 Has two known exoplanets. [109]
Xi Ursae Majoris Ab 222,600 0.32 [78]
Gliese 486 228,190 0.328±0.011 Has one confirmed exoplanet. [110]
YZ Canis Minoris 228,190 0.328±0.013 [64]
LHS 1678 228,890 0.329±0.01 [111]
Gliese 1 229,580 0.33±0.06 [112]
EV Lacertae 230,280 0.331±0.013 On 25 April 2008, a record-setting stellar flare was observed on its surface by NASA's Swift, that was thousands of times more powerful than any solar flare.[113] [64]
Gliese 357 231,670 0.333 Has three confirmed exoplanets. [92]
Gliese 667 C 234,450 0.337±0.014 Has two confirmed exoplanets. [64]
Kruger 60 A 243,500 0.35 [114]
Struve 2398 A (Gliese 725 A) 246,280 0.354±0.003 [64]
Gliese 251 253,230 0.364±0.001 [83]
2MASS 0122–2439 A 257,000 0.369 ± 0.048 [115]
Regulus C 257,000 0.37 [114]
Gliese 876
(IL Aquarii) 		258,800 0.372±0.004 Has four confirmed exoplanets. First red dwarf known to host exoplanets. [64]
LHS 6343 A 259,500 0.373±0.005 [116]
LTT 3780 260,190 0.374±0.011 Has two confirmed exoplanets. [117]
Gliese 22 C 261,580 0.376±0.018 [35]
TOI-270 262,970 0.378±0.011 [118]
13 Ceti Ab 264,000 0.38 [78]
GQ Lupi B 264,000 0.38±0.072 Brown dwarf [71]
Groombridge 34 A (Gliese 15 A) 267,840 0.385±0.002 Red dwarf [64]
Lalande 21185 272,710 0.392±0.004 [64]
LHS 6343 B 274,110 0.394±0.012 [116]

275,000 to 350,000 km

[edit]

Partial list containing stars from 0.395 to 0.5 solar radii.

Star name Star radius, kilometres Star radius, R☉ Star class Notes References
Gliese 412 A 276,890 0.398±0.013 Red dwarf [74]
Asellus Primus B (Theta Boötis B) 279,180 0.4013±0.012 [83]
Gliese 908 (Lalande 46650) 284,540 0.409±0.023 [94]
EQ Pegasi A 284,540 0.409±0.016 [74]
Gliese 163 284,540 0.409+0.017
−0.016 		[64]
SDSS J001820.5−093939.2 285,930 0.411+0.090
−0.011 		F-type star Among the most metal-poor stars. [119]
Gliese 806 288,300 0.4144±0.0038 Red dwarf Has three known exoplanets. [120]
Gliese 687 291,290 0.4187+0.0066
−0.0063 		[64]
AD Leonis 294,490 0.4233±0.0057 [121]
Gliese 686 297,060 0.427±0.013 [122]
Iota Ursae Majoris B 299,000 0.43 [114]
Gliese 436 300,540 0.432±0.011 [64]
Gliese 393 300,540 0.432±0.025 [94]
Sigma Coronae Borealis C 304,020 0.437±0.020 [74]
WR 93b 306,100 0.44 Wolf-Rayet [123]
Gliese 832 307,500 0.442±0.018 Red dwarf [64]
Alpha Caeli B 313,000 0.45 [114]
Gliese 367 (Anañuca) 317,930 0.457±0.013 Has three confirmed exoplanets. [124]
Gliese 588 320,000 0.46±0.019 [64]
Iota Ursae Majoris C 320,000 0.46 [114]
Gliese 849 322,800 0.464±0.018 [64]
AT Microscopii A 326,280 0.469±0.082[e] [76]
BAT99-123 (Brey 93) 327,000 0.47 Wolf-Rayet [125]
Gliese 176 329,760 0.474±0.015 Red dwarf [64]
Lacaille 9352 329,760 0.474±0.008 [64]
Tau Boötis B 333,900 0.48±0.05 [126]
Gliese 752 A 334,630 0.481±0.014 [122]
AT Microscopii B 336,720 0.484±0.052 [76]
UScoCTIO 108 A 336,720 0.484 Brown dwarf [127][f]
Gliese 526 338,810 0.487±0.008 Red dwarf [64]
UX Ursae Majoris B 345,070–484,900 0.496–0.697 [128]
GJ 3470 347,150 0.499±0.021 [64]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Calculated, using the Stefan-Boltzmann law and the planet's effective temperature and luminosity, with respect to the solar nominal effective temperature of 5,772 K:
  2. ^ Applying the Stefan–Boltzmann law with a nominal solar effective temperature of 5,772 K:
    . Using the solar radius value of 695,700 km, the calculated radius of WISE 0855-0714 converts to approximately 64,000 km, or 0.89 RJ when dividing by the nominal Jupiter radius value of 71,492 km.
  3. ^ Applying the Stefan–Boltzmann law with a nominal solar effective temperature of 5,772 K:
    .
  4. ^ Applying the Stefan–Boltzmann law with a nominal solar effective temperature of 5,772 K:
    .
  5. ^ Mentioned radius of 0.769 R☉ is a misprint.
  6. ^ Applying the Stefan–Boltzmann law with a nominal solar effective temperature of 5,772 K:
    .

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Shao, Yi-Xuan; Zhou, Ping; Li, Xiang-Dong; Zhang, Bin-Bin; Castro-Tirado, Alberto Javier; Wang, Pei; Li, Di; Zhang, Zeng-Hua; Zhang, Zi-Jian (2024-10-01), GTC optical/NIR upper limits and NICER X-ray analysis of SGR J1935+2154 for the outburst in 2022, arXiv:2410.00635
  2. ^ Hohle, M.M.; Haberl, F.; Vink, J.; de Vries, C.P.; et al. (2012). "The Continued Spectral and Temporal Evolution of RX J0720.4-3125". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 423 (2): 1194–99. arXiv:1203.3708. Bibcode:2012MNRAS.423.1194H. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20946.x. S2CID 55696761.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Nashed, G. G. L. (2023-06). "The Effect of f(R, T) Modified Gravity on the Mass and Radius of Pulsar HerX1". The Astrophysical Journal. 950 (2): 129. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acd182. ISSN 0004-637X. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  4. ^ Nättilä, J.; Miller, M. C.; Steiner, A. W.; Kajava, J. J. E.; Suleimanov, V. F.; Poutanen, J. (2017-12-01). "Neutron star mass and radius measurements from atmospheric model fits to X-ray burst cooling tail spectra". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 608: A31. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731082. ISSN 0004-6361.
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